Victor Frankenstein Destruction Through Discovery

Niral Patel Ms. Schaner 2nd AP Language 11 28 Oct. 2017 Destruction through Discovery Summarizing the theme of the novel, Victor Frankenstein stated, â€Å"If the study to which you apply yourself has a tendency to weaken your affections, and to destroy your taste for those simple pleasures in which no alloy can possibly mix, then that study is certainly unlawful, that is to say, not befitting the human mind† (34). When initially considered, the concept of â€Å"gaining knowledge† or â€Å"discovery† is generally viewed with a sense of positivity and hope. It is unexpected for there to be a novelist who presents such an idea to have negative implications; however, in her gothic literature Frankenstein, Mary Shelley illustrates that greed as a motivating†¦show more content†¦My cheek had grown pale with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement†¦I seemed to have lost all soul or sensation but for this one pursuit.† (33). Frankenstein held immense devotion to the completion of the project, sacrificing his own vig or to continue his efforts. Ultimately, it is this level of greed which Frankenstein held to his passion that led to the demise of himself and those closest to him. Immediately after succeeding in bringing the being to life, Frankenstein abandons the monster in horror of what he had created. The monster goes through its own path of discovery only to find itself in a state of misery, which turns into anger against Frankenstein. The monster sets out and murders Frankenstein’s brother, best friend, and wife. Its ravages also indirectly lead to the deaths of Frankenstein’s father and family servant. These deaths put Frankenstein into a deep state of melancholia, which converts into indignation against the monster. Frankenstein dies on Walton’s ship, lonely and unsatisfied with his life, after pursuing the monster for months in hopes of retaliation. 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Vital Pieces of Humanities Essay Samples

Vital Pieces of Humanities Essay Samples Humanities research papers need a deep and comprehensive understanding of the subject and the ability to check past the surface layer to comprehend the subject at a deeper level. The thesis statement is going to be the middle of your paper. It may be written to try to convince the reader of a specific issue or point of view. It should come at the beginning of the paper. The Hidden Treasure of Humanities Essay Samples You may use the samples as a foundation for working out how to write in the appropriate style. Additional work is required to discover approaches to fulfill that need with a very simple annotation tool that's accessible to students and faculty alike. Categorizing people using the features of our very own similar and distinct believes is typical for a normal citizen. There are several history websites, journalism and news websites, sites focusing on the history of film, sites specializing in womens' issues, etc. Humaniti es Essay Samples Features Plato tried to consider the society critically to restructure that state, and set it in such a manner that its citizens were permitted to attain the aim of moral brilliance. Humanities are the basis of that which we are made of and it is likewise the basis of that which we make for future generations. Aristotle was the very first person to center on the literary theory. Aristotle as alleges that the very best form off government is one which is made up of the middle class. The Appeal of Humanities Essay Samples A number of our cultural influences come from several diverse humanities areas. In life, it can be hard to obtain the appropriate equilibrium. The humanities are essentially the study of the various ways in which people from various parts of the world and during different periods of history have processed and documented the human experience. Plato insists that anarchy needs to be avoided in any particular society to stop citizens from disrespecting the law. The skillset of philosophers (the section of the humanities I'm acquainted with) is very likely to become scarcer later on. The Foolproof Humanities Essay Samples Strategy Creative writing may also be put to use as an outlet for folks to acquire their ideas and feelings out and onto paper. Deciding on a topic that is broad-based and covers many things might seem pretty tempting. however, it can lead you astray connected to the caliber of the essay that you want to submit and the effort you must put into it. Knowing precisely what the appropriate action to do is difficult for people. Every human is different and ought to base their mean off of someone's own self. The secret to good communication is to use lucid, easy and very clear language. When you are requested to compose an essay, attempt to locate some samples (models) of similar writing and learn how to observe the craft of the writer. If it's so, you probably understand how hard it's to locate an expert author who not only will finish your purchase but do it on time without compromising the standard of humanities research paper writing. Asking the writer to supply humanitarian essay examples of their prior work are not only going to offer you some concept of the writing style of the professional, but can likewise be a pointer to the competence and qualification of the person. The Little-Known Secrets to Humanities Essay Samples Since the primary purpose of an evaluation essay is to relay your viewpoint about a particular subject, you've got to be sure you'll be precise and concise when delivering the message you want your readers to be knowledgeable of. There are various sorts of essays that could be part of a student writing task. The first thing you have to do when writing an evaluation essay is to be knowledgeable regarding the topic which you will write about. What can set apart an evaluation essay from several sorts of academic essays is it can also be utilized in various undertakings within the corporate and skilled environment. If you're writing an evaluation essay, you should remain objective with the content which you're presenting. Usually, each subtopic is discussed in another paragraph, but there is not anything wrong with continuing a subtopic throughout multiple paragraphs. Every time a student starts writing an essay on humanities, the very first thing they should do is to make certain that the topic is well researched, and there's enough information which could be employed to compose the essay. Notice that throughout the full essay there are a lot of examples from inside the text. You have to spell out how you had the ability to produce the evaluation including the specification of the aspects which you have considered within the entirety of the evaluation and writing process. Because almost no knowledge apart from eye-witness accounts is truly original, remember to discover sources for all non-trivial details. There are various kinds of evaluation essays and you ought to bear in mind that e ach one of them have differences based on the objective of their creation. If you wish to make an evaluation essay, you ought to be strategic when it has to do with the presentation of information that may assist in the writing activity. The Battle Over Humanities Essay Samples and How to Win It A lot of people regard the thesis statement for a continuation of the introduction, only within the next paragraph. Don't use numerous sentences when you are able to convey the exact same in a few words. It's helpful to really go through the physical procedure of writing out two or three essential questions which you want to concentrate on. Another reason given by students for not having the ability to finish their essays in time is absence of sufficient time, particularly when the assignment is issued near deadline.

Mandatory Continuing Professional Development †Free Samples

Question: Should Registered Nurses Be Held Accountable For Their Own Practice? Answer: Introduction Registered Nurses (RNs) are fundamental in the delivery of care in a wide variety of settings. RNs deliver and coordinate patient care, patient education, provide advice and emotional support. This assignment aims to shows that registered nurses should be held accountable for their own practice. The paper will first define the key terms that will be used throughout to support this argument. Then the assignment will go on to discuss the accountabilities of RNs nurses based on the nursing standards for practice, authority regulations and the standards established by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA). An RN is an individual, who has attained the required or prescribed education, exhibits proficiency to practice, and is registered under the Health Practitioner Regulation Nation Laws as a registered nurse in Australia. RNs undertake tertiary level degrees (Jacob, Sellick, McKenna, 2012). Accountability means that nurses are liable or answerable to the patients in their care, nursing regulatory authorities, their employer and the general public (Batti Steelman, 2014). For RNs, accountability cannot be delegated. Delegation is the professional relationship that prevails when a registered nurse delegates activities of their nursing practice to another health care professional such as student, nurse, enrolled nurse (EN) or a person who is in another discipline other than nursing. Delegation aims to meet clients needs and enable access to readily available care delivered by the right person (ANMF, 2015). Enrolled nurse (EN) is an individual who delivers nursing care with the direct or indirect supervision of an RN. This person has attained the required education level and exhibits proficiency to practice under the Health Practitioner Regulation Nation Laws as an enrolled nurse in Australia. EN is trained at vocational education level (Jacob, Sellick, McKenna, 2012). Documentation is written or electronically generated information that elucidated the condition of a patient or the type of care or service delivered to that patient. The client information is gotten through the nursing process (NMBA, 2015). Should registered nurses be held accountable for their own practice? As regulated health care providers, RNs should be accountable for their own practice. In Australia, RNs are left to practice unsupervised and do not deliver care for or on behalf of any other healthcare professionals (Australian Nursing Federation, 2011). This aspect differentiates RNs from other nurse practitioners who are often supervised when delivering care. An RN should directly or indirectly supervise enrolled nurses when they work in general practice. Indirect supervision occurs when the RNs can be easily contacted but are not involved in direct supervision of the ENs as they perform their duties (Daly, Speedy, Jackson, 2009). The RNs might be away from the care setting, but should be available for constant, direct communication with the ENs. The absence of proximity needs solid processes to be instituted for the direction, support and supervision of the activities of ENs. While ENs are responsible for their own action in practice, the RNs are accountable for their decisions made in practice. In a general practice setting, nurses offer multidisciplinary care. They collaborate with other health professionals to offer care with a focus on a positive outcome for all patients (Australian Nursing Federation, 2011). Accountability and responsibility are fundamental for RNs, but they are different aspects. Responsibility is the obligation to conduct tasks and roles applying sound professional judgment and being liable for all the decisions made in practice. (Kraak, Swinburn, Lawrence, 2014) RNs have greater responsibility due to the scope of their practice. Based on the standards of practice outlined by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), RNs are accountable professionally and legally for their own practice. Besides, RNs are accountable to their clients, the public and their regulatory body as well as supervisory authority. In legal accountability, RNs are liable for making sure they have suitable professional indemnity insurance (PII) (NMBA, 2017). Patients expect RNs to hold PII, which would help to address any risk in case there is corroborate the claim of professional negligence. RNs achieve accountability by having autonomy to practice. Autonomy is having the capacity to make decisions within the profession. It also entails having the right as well as the responsibility to perform according to the standards of nursing practice. RNs practice autonomy since they the ability to use critical skills in practice. Also, they have the knowledge and motivation to practice based on the institutional, legislative and personal factors. For effective accountability, RNs need continuous critical thinking and evaluation in the context of thoughtful sustenance and creation of constructive relationships. As such, RNs should continue to advance professionally and sustain their capacity for professional practice. RNs are liable to deliver safe and coordinate quality nursing practice. Their practice entails comprehensive analysis, designing of a plan, implementation and appraisal of outcomes. In their practice, RNs are accountable for the delegation and supervision of nursing roles to enrolled nurses (ENs) and other healthcare professionals (Lee, Goeman, Johnson, Thorn, Koch, Elliott, 2015). Thus, the primary accountabilities are supervision and delegation. Other kinds of accountability are referral and documentation of practice. An RN who delegates duties to another health professional such as ENs is accountable to their decision to delegate. Also, the RN is accountable for delegating the duties to the right person, moni toring the performance of the duties and assessing the outcomes. The delegation decision is made should be made by the RN and the person who will perform the delegated duties (ANMF, 2015). In the process of delegation, the RN should access the risks and capabilities. Competency evaluation and teaching might precede the delegation. The accountability of nurses to delegation is different from allocation or assignment of duties, which entails requesting another health care professional to care for a certain patient on the presumption that the needed activities for consumer care are usually within that individuals roles and scope of practice. RNs should understand that most of the similar elements concerning competence analysis and supervision that are pertinent to delegation also require being regarded in relation to assignment or allocation. The accountability for delegation for RNs is broad and requires observing various responsibilities. To sustain the required standards of care when delegating roles, RNs should embrace responsibility in various contexts. The first liability is teaching the person who will conduct the delegated role (Berman, et al., 2014). However, the role of teaching might be performed by another competent healthcare professional. Competence evaluation is a fundamental aspect of the accounta bility for delegation among the RNs. They should also offer assistance and support as well as clinically-focused supervision. These liabilities are aimed towards ensuring that the person to whom the delegation is being made recognises and understands their role and is ready to accept the delegation. After the delegated roles have been completed the RNs should evaluate the outcomes and reflect on practice. Another form of accountability for RNs occurs during referral. Often primary health care responsibilities are transferred to another more qualified health professional or health service provider. The RN is accountable for their decision to refer a patient to another health service provider. As a result, the RN might be required to continue offering professional help and services collaboratively in the process of referral (Australian College of Nursing, 2015). RNs have professional accountability for documentation. According to the professional standards, RNs should document timely and right reports of assessment, decisions about a patients condition, treatment and outcomes. Documentation is fundamental for RNs because it serves three main purposes; facilitates communication, enhances safe and right nursing care and meet legal and professional standards. Through documentation, RNs communicate to other health care professionals their nursing assessments, diagnosis and the treatment plan for a certain client (McKenzie Porter, 2007). When an RN documents the care they deliver, other health care professionals can review the documentation and make their own contributions to safe and right care. The documentation further offers medical data for workload management and research. Documentation shows that a nurse has applied nursing skills and knowledge as outlined by NMBA. Hence, documentation acts an evidence of legal proceedings and practice (S tevens Pickering, 2010). RNs are accountable to their employer. When seeking employment, the nurses are given a set of guidelines and principles that should govern their practice. They should adhere to these guidelines in all their practice. In case they breach the guidelines or exhibit negligence, the RNs would be accountable to their employer. RNs exhibit these accountabilities by following the nursing standards of practice. The standards of practices are classified into four domains including professional practice, critical thinking and appraisal, provision and coordination of care. Professional practice relates to ethical, legal and professional liabilities which require expression of a competence knowledge base, accountability for practice and practising according to legislation impacting nursing and health care. The professional practice also requires protection of personal and group rights. It can be thought as the observation of human rights and human dignity. There are several tenets of the professional practice which guide the practice of RNs. The nurses should observe the legislation governing their practice and fulfil the duty of care (ANMAC, 2013). Critical thinking and analysis is another theme that causes RNs to be accountable in their practice. RNs should conduct self-evaluation, be accountable for their professional development and exhibit the value of research and evidence for practice (Ross, Barr, Stevens, 2013). They should practice within an evidence-based framework. RNs are accountable for identifying the relevant research on enhancing individual or group health outcomes. In doing so, they should utilise the best available evidence, nursing knowledge and respect for values of their clients. The demonstration of analytical abilities in assessing health information and research evidence is required in offering care(Nurisng and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), 2017) Each nurse should be involved in nursing research and participate in ongoing professional development. The third domain is the provision and coordination of care. Under this standard of practice, RNs coordinates, organise and provides nursing care that includes the analysis of personal or groups, designing and implementation and appraisal of care (Ehrlich, Kendall, John, 2013). The last domain that guides nursing practice in Australia is collaborative and therapeutic practice. In this theme, the nurses establish, sustain and conclude professional relations with individuals or groups. Additionally, this theme emphasises on the competencies that RNs should exhibit when offering care. The nurses should also understand the contributions of Interdisciplinary health care team (Edmonds, Cashin, Heartfield, 2016). The RNs in Australia are governed by multiple professional standards in their practice. Firstly, they should be practised according to the Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia. Secondly, nurses should adhere to the Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia. This standard is pertinent to all nurses in different levels in Australia. The purpose of the Code of Ethics is to determine the fundamental ethical standards and values that guide nursing profession. Also, it offers nurses a reference point from which to deliver professional care (Zahedi, et al., 2013). Thirdly, there is ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses which decide professional standards in Australia. Fourthly, professional nursing is governed by the NMBA Competency Standards for Registered Nurses. Finally, professional nursing is governed by the NMBA National Framework for the Development of Decision-Making Tools. There are, however, other standards that have been endorsed and published by the NMBA. RNs in Australia a re required to exhibit the understanding and application of these nursing standards in practice. Based on the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act 2010, a nurse can be punished for incompetence or negligence, which is a failure to exhibit accountability (Attorney-General's Department, 2014). Besides, failure to comply with the provisions of this Act can be viewed as lack of accountability. Conclusion This assignment has argued that RNs should be held accountable for their own practice since they do not offer care on behalf of any other healthcare professional. The RNs should be accountable to the patients, the public, their employer, and regulatory authorities. Specifically, the RNs are accountable for delegation of certain aspects of their nursing practice, referral of patients, and documentation. Also, they are liable for ongoing professional development, critical thinking and analysis and promotion of patient-centred practice. The RNs are accountable for their own practice because they are governed by nursing standards for practice. Conclusively, RNs should demonstrate competence in nursing practice because they are answerable for their decisions. References ANMAC. (2013). Review of Accreditation Standards: Registered Nurse Re-entry to the Register Programs and Entry Programs for International Qualified Registered Nurses Seeking Registration in Australia. Canberra: Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation . ANMF. (2015). Delegation by registered nurses. Retrieved 9 17, 2017, from https://anf.org.au/documents/policies/G_Delegation_RNs.pdf Attorney-General's Department. (2014). Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act 2010 . Retrieved 9 17, 2017, from https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/HEALTH%20PRACTITIONER%20REGULATION%20NATIONAL%20LAW%20%28SOUTH%20AUSTRALIA%29%20ACT%202010/CURRENT/2010.5.UN.PDF Australian College of Nursing. (2015). Nursing in General Practice: A guide for the general practice team. Canberra: Australian College of Nursing. Australian Nursing Federation. (2011). Fact Sheet 7. Retrieved 9 17, 2017, from https://anmf.org.au/documents/reports/Fact_Sheet_Snap_Shot_General_Practice_Nurses.pdf Batti, R., Steelman, V. M. (2014). Accountability in Nursing Practice: Why It Is Important for Patient Safety. AORN Journal , 100 (5), 573-541. Berman, A., Snyder, S., Kozier, B., Erb, G., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., et al. (2014). Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Australian Edition. Pearson Higher Education AU. Daly, J., Speedy, S., Jackson, D. (2009). Contexts of nursing. Elsevier Australia. Edmonds, L., Cashin, A., Heartfield, M. (2016). Comparison of Australian specialty nurse standards with registered nurse standards. International nursing review , 63 (2), 162-179. Ehrlich, C., Kendall, E., John, W. (2013). How does care coordination provided by registered nurses fit within the organisational processes and professional relationships in the general practice context? Collegian , 20 (3), 127-135. Jacob, E., Sellick, K., McKenna, L. (2012). Australian registered and enrolled nurses: Is there a difference? International journal of nursing practice , 18 (3), 303-307. Kraak, V., Swinburn, B., Lawrence, M. (2014). Distinguishing accountability from responsibility: an accountability framework. American journal of public health , 104 (6), e2-e3. Lee, C. Y., Goeman, D., Johnson, A., Thorn, J., Koch, S., Elliott, R. (2015). Evaluation of a support worker role, within a nurse delegation and supervision model, for provision of medicines support for older people living at home: the Workforce Innovation for Safe and Effective (WISE) Medicines Care study. BMC health services research , 15 (1), 460. McKenzie, G., Porter, T. (2007). Clinical companion: Medical-surgical nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. NMBA. (2015). Framework for assessing standards for practice for registered nurses, enrolled nurses and midwives. Retrieved 9 17, 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Frameworks/Framework-for-assessing-national-competency-standards.aspx NMBA. (2017). Professional indemnity insurance arrangements. Retrieved 9 17, 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Registration-Standards/Professional-indemnity-insurance-arrangements.aspx Nurisng and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA). (2017). Registered nurse standards for practice. Retrieved 9 17, 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards/registered-nurse-standards-for-practice.aspx Ross, K., Barr, J., Stevens, J. (2013). Mandatory continuing professional development requirements: what does this mean for Australian nurses. BMC nursing , 12 (1), 9. Stevens, S., Pickering, D. (2010). Keeping good nursing records: a guide. Community eye health , 23 (74), 44-45. Zahedi, F., Sanjari, M., Aala, M., Peymani, M., Aramesh, K., Parsapour, A., et al. (2013). The code of ethics for nurses. Iranian journal of public health. 42 (Supple1),

The Beatles To This Day Are One Of The Most Famous And Essays

The Beatles to this day are one of the most famous and popular rock 'n roll groups in the world. The Beatles include George Harrison, John Lennon(1940-1980), Paul McCartney, and Richard Starkey(Ringo Starr). All of the Beatles where born and raised in Liverpool, England. John Lennon was considered the leader of the band. George Harrison was the lead guitarist. John Lennon was a song writer, one of the two lead singers, and rhythm guitarist. Paul McCartney was a song writer, one of the two lead singers, and a bassist. Ringo Starr played the drums. John Lennon's first band was called the Quarrymen (named after his High School). None of the three Beatles were in this band. Paul joined the group in 1957 and Harrison joined in 1958. They played with bass guitarist Sut Sutcliffe, and Pete Best, a drummer. Sutcliffe left in 1961 and Ringo Starr joined the band. Pete Best was asked to leave the band on April 16, 1962. He was considered the Beatles undisputed sex symbol. The Beatles were discovered on November 9, 1961 by Brian Epstein, a manager of a record store in Liverpool as well as an x British Army soldier. The Beatles first two song were "Love Me Do" and "Please, Please Me." The Beatles starred in two movies, "A Hard Days Night," and "Help." They also had their own full length cartoon called "Yellow Submarine." The movie "A Hard Days Night" earned 1.3 million dollars in its first week. The Beatles early music was influenced by singers Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley. In November of 1963 the Beatles performed in front of the Queen of England. This was an incredible honor. By the end of 1963 the Beatles were the biggest music group in England. The Beatles came to New York City for the first time in 1964. They were an instant success. A couple of weeks later after their New York appearance, the five best selling records were by the Beatles. They became world famous by the end of 1964. Also in 1964 the song "I Want To Hold Your Hand" marked the beginning of "BEATLEMANIA." The Beatles were unusual because most rock was strong beat with no melody. The Beatles added melody to rock. The Beatles also added strong and meaningful lyrics. John Lennon wrote a book called "In His Own Write." The Beatles started a new era of music. They wore their hair long and shaggy. This haircut was known as the Beatles haircut. All across the world people started wearing their hair like the Beatles. John Lennon described the Beatles like this "When you said it, it was crawly things, when you read it, it was beat music." The Beatles made their last stage appearance together in 1966. In 1967 the Beatles put together a master piece. The master piece was Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Heart Club Band. The Beatles never had a chance to perform Sergeant Peppers Lonely Heart Club Band. Also in 1967 Brian Epstein, the manager of the Beatles, died. Also in 1967 the Beatles directed a movie, Magical Mystery Tour. The movie was about themselves in which they toured the English countryside in search of wonder, fun, and magic. In 1970 the world famous and world loved Beatles separated. Everybody was hoping to see the Beatles come back together. That hope ended when the peace loving John Lennon was killed outside his New York City apartment by 25 year old Mark David Chapman.

Free Essays on Diocletians Reforms

Diocletian’s Reforms The Roman empire regained order and stability through its powerful emperor Diocletian. He made a set of reforms to stabilize the empire. He knew that if he did not do so, the empire would eventually fall. One of the first notable things Diocletian decided to do to stabilize the empire was to establish a capital. He said,†Wherever I am, that’s where the capital is.† The capital was in no specific place. However he did spend most of his time fighting for his empire against the Germans along the Northern border. The next set of reforms involved the military. First, he took each legion and divided them in half. This created double the amount of legions, but they were significantly smaller. When he drafted soldiers to fight, he did not draft a certain number of men but rather a number of legions. He never increased the men per legion. This then led to the military becoming more mobile. Since the Roman army moved too slow, Diocletian wanted to mount them on horses. This created a light calvary and enabled them to move on and off the battlefield more of a swift fashion. His next set of reforms included the establishment of the Oriental Monarchy. This meant that their was a psychological distance between him and his subjects. This created a huge bureaucracy and his subjects had to wait weeks just to see him. He overwhelmed his subjects by wearing a huge gold crown and cape that took nearly 12 men to carry behind him. He then set up economic reforms. These played a huge part in Diocletian’s attempt to reconstruct the empire. He invented a coinage system and put a value to each coin. It is similar to the system we have today. ( for quarters equal one dollar. So on and so forth.) However, some problems developed from his economic system. Their were not enough metals to go around, which made it impossible to create more coins, and eventually led to gold being worth much more ... Free Essays on Diocletians Reforms Free Essays on Diocletians Reforms Diocletian’s Reforms The Roman empire regained order and stability through its powerful emperor Diocletian. He made a set of reforms to stabilize the empire. He knew that if he did not do so, the empire would eventually fall. One of the first notable things Diocletian decided to do to stabilize the empire was to establish a capital. He said,†Wherever I am, that’s where the capital is.† The capital was in no specific place. However he did spend most of his time fighting for his empire against the Germans along the Northern border. The next set of reforms involved the military. First, he took each legion and divided them in half. This created double the amount of legions, but they were significantly smaller. When he drafted soldiers to fight, he did not draft a certain number of men but rather a number of legions. He never increased the men per legion. This then led to the military becoming more mobile. Since the Roman army moved too slow, Diocletian wanted to mount them on horses. This created a light calvary and enabled them to move on and off the battlefield more of a swift fashion. His next set of reforms included the establishment of the Oriental Monarchy. This meant that their was a psychological distance between him and his subjects. This created a huge bureaucracy and his subjects had to wait weeks just to see him. He overwhelmed his subjects by wearing a huge gold crown and cape that took nearly 12 men to carry behind him. He then set up economic reforms. These played a huge part in Diocletian’s attempt to reconstruct the empire. He invented a coinage system and put a value to each coin. It is similar to the system we have today. ( for quarters equal one dollar. So on and so forth.) However, some problems developed from his economic system. Their were not enough metals to go around, which made it impossible to create more coins, and eventually led to gold being worth much more ...

How to Calculate Percent Error

How to Calculate Percent Error Percent error or percentage error expresses as a percentage the difference between an approximate or measured value and an exact or known value. It is used in science to report the difference between a measured or experimental value and a true or exact value. Here is how to calculate percent error, with an example calculation. Key Points: Percent Error The purpose of a percent error calculation is to gauge how close a measured value is to a true value.Percent error (percentage error) is the difference between an experimental and theoretical value, divided by the theoretical value, multiplied by 100 to give a percent.In some fields, percent error is always expressed as a positive number. In others, it is correct to have either a positive or negative value. The sign may be kept to determine whether recorded values consistently fall above or below expected values.Percent error is one type of error calculation. Absolute and relative error are two other common calculations. Percent error is part of a comprehensive error analysis.The keys to reporting percent error correctly are to know whether or not to drop the sign (positive or negative) on the calculation and to report the value using the correct number of significant figures. Percent Error Formula Percent error is the difference between a measured and known value, divided by the known value, multiplied by 100%. For many applications, percent error is expressed as a positive value. The absolute value of the error is divided by an accepted value and given as a percent. |accepted value - experimental value| \ accepted value x 100% For chemistry and other sciences, it is customary to keep a negative value. Whether error is positive or negative is important. For example, you would not expect to have positive percent error comparing actual to theoretical yield in a chemical reaction. If a positive value was calculated, this would give clues as to potential problems with the procedure or unaccounted reactions. When keeping the sign for error, the calculation is the experimental or measured value minus the known or theoretical value, divided by the theoretical value and multiplied by 100%. percent error [experimental value - theoretical value] / theoretical value x 100% Percent Error Calculation Steps Subtract one value from another. The order does not matter if you are dropping the sign, but you subtract the theoretical value from the experimental value if you are keeping negative signs. This value is your error.Divide the error by the exact or ideal value (not your experimental or measured value). This will yield a decimal number.Convert the decimal number into a percentage by multiplying it by 100.Add a percent or % symbol to report your percent error value. Percent Error Example Calculation In a lab, you are given a block of aluminum. You measure the dimensions of the block and its displacement in a container of a known volume of water. You calculate the density of the block of aluminum to be 2.68 g/cm3. You look up the density of a block of aluminum at room temperature and find it to be 2.70 g/cm3. Calculate the percent error of your measurement. Subtract one value from the other:2.68 - 2.70 -0.02Depending on what you need, you may discard any negative sign (take the absolute value): 0.02This is the error.Divide the error by the true value:0.02/2.70 0.0074074Multiply  this value by 100% to obtain the percent error:0.0074074 x 100% 0.74% (expressed using 2 significant figures).Significant figures are important in science. If you report an answer using too many or too few, it may be considered incorrect, even if you set up the problem properly. Percent Error Versus Absolute and Relative Error Percent error is related to absolute error and relative error. The difference between an experimental and known value is the absolute error. When you divide that number by the known value you get relative error. Percent error is relative error multiplied by 100%. Sources Bennett, Jeffrey; Briggs, William (2005),  Using and Understanding Mathematics: A Quantitative Reasoning Approach  (3rd ed.), Boston: Pearson.Tà ¶rnqvist, Leo; Vartia, Pentti; Vartia, Yrjà ¶ (1985), How Should Relative Changes Be Measured?,  The American Statistician,  39  (1): 43–46.

Prescription, Nonprescription, and Herbal Medication Research Paper

Prescription, Nonprescription, and Herbal Medication - Research Paper Example As the essay declares the aging process is defined by numerous impairments of several regulatory processes that play a critical role in cells and organs. In addition, other physiological changes are evident in advanced age, and have the capacity to affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. The geriatric population exhibits cardiac dysfunctions. The relaxation and contraction of heart muscles change remarkably a one ages. Blood flow becomes slower, a factor that may affect drug distribution. In addition, aging brings about the reduction of renal mass. Fewer nephrons define the reduction of renal mass. According to the research findings there is a notable delay in the kidney functions, a factor that affects the elimination of drugs. The gastrointestinal system is also affected by aging because elderly people have lower rates of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Research has highlighted that aging may contribute to potential changes in the enzyme secreting cells or hormonal glands a factor that minimizes the efficiency of the gastrointestinal system. In the small intestines, absorption of some substances reduces with age, while in the colon, the transit time may prove to be slower. Other digestive enzymes such as lipase and trypsin usually decrease as one age. The liver is a critical organ in the metabolism of drugs. With advancing age comes a remarkable reduction in the liver blood flow. In other cases, the liver structure may change over time while enzymes may cease to function effectively.

Five Effective Leadership Qualities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Five Effective Leadership Qualities - Assignment Example Lastly, a leader can only be regarded as effective if he/she is able to achieve the organizational aims and objectives. In order to become an effective leader and influence others, an individual requires certain leadership qualities including the quality of being courageous, emotionally intelligent, and able to motivate others, open to challenges and a sound communicator. Body Courage is defined as an individual’s ability as well as willingness to counter fear and taking steps that may seem difficult. Courage is one of the most important qualities a leader should possess as courage is the quality that helps a leader in conducting most of his/her task. A leader is required to perform various activities such as taking risks, getting involved in unknown scenarios, communicating a positive vision of change to followers and without the quality of courage a leader cannot perform any one of these tasks. Any individual can perform tasks and make decisions that are taken on routinely basis and that comply with the culture of an organization. But a leader is one who has the courage to face unforeseen circumstances and take decisions that are novice. A leader has to show courage as a tool to motivate his/her followers because it is the followers who look up to their leaders and if they fail to spot courage in their leader, they will be de-motivated. Winston C hurchill is highly regarded for being a courageous leader. He once stated that that courage is the quality due to which an individual is able to stand up and speak for him and for others and it is this quality that enables an individual to take retaliation and face criticism in a positive manner (Warrell, 2013, p.92). Churchill is highly renowned for being a person who had the quality of moral courage as he knew what should be done in a particular scenario, but due to his moral courage he chose to perform activities that are morally correct. Another key quality that individuals need to possess in order to become effective leader is emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is a quality that an individual is said to possess when he/she has the ability to not only be aware of his/her own emotions, they should even be aware of emotions experienced by others and he/she should have the ability of controlling emotions and responding to the emotional issues experienced by others. In c ase of leadership, an emotionally intelligent leader is one who recognizes his/her own emotions and can control those emotions while making decisions and the leader even needs to be aware about the emotional issues experienced by followers in order to help solve those issues in order to motivate followers. According to a research conducting by Bommer during the period of 2005, an emotionally intelligent leader has the ability to positively change the attitudes and behaviors of other individuals. Emotional intelligence is qualities that can help leaders conduct various tasks that are required of him (Ciulla, 2008, p.88). A leader is expected to be a conflict resolver in conflicts that arise between lower level of employees and conflicts that arise within the employees who work at the same level. Emotional intelligence can help leaders identify the grievances that employees of the lower level of the organization have with the decision making level of employee

Uniform accounting standards produce Essay Example for Free

Uniform accounting standards produce Essay In the last decade, various countries around the globe have shifted towards a uniform accounting standards or the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The main motive behind this movement is to come up with a global language for accounting which will be comparable and understandable beyond the borders of a nation. As of today about 120 countries require IFRS for domestically listed companies, although only about 90 countries have fully conformed to IFRS . While some argue that it is necessary to have a system of accounting that is clear and transparent to global investors and companies, some others are skeptic about it being efficient. Furthermore, some feel that the costs of implementing IFRS can be too high and hence uniform accounting will not be worth the cost. Hence, critically analyzing IFRS and understanding its impact on accounting principles will help us to recognize the costs and benefits of this system. One of the main objectives of IFRS is to increase the efficiency and transparency in accounting. However, the main tension in the model rests due to the non- uniform nature of firms as well as nations. For instance, countries differ on myriad ways such as capital and labor markets, nature of government, involvement of government in the company and so forth. Similarly, firms differ from each other in various ways including size, growth, types of products, geographical location and technological advancement . Therefore, coming up with a detailed accounting system or a set of principles to fit all of these can be challenging. Thus, IFRS uses a principle based system, rather than a rule based system which wi ll allow the companies to apply IFRS according to their situation and prepare their statements. However, this flexibility can itself be seen as a big down- side of this system. This will provide a way for companies to manipulate the statements which in turn can encourage fraud. Trancy Coenen comparing the fraud under the system of GAAP and IFRS says that, As IFRS is largely based on judgment in applying principles, it only stands to reason that the risk of fraud in the financial statements will increase with the change . For example, Fair Value judgment is one of the corner stones of IFRS system of accounting. However, it is unclear as to who gets to value things and how can these figures checked for reliability. Thus, IFRS, which is created to form a uniform and transparent system of accounting can itself lead to non-uniform accounting practices with very little information about who makes the judgment behind numbers presented in  the financial statements. Furthermore, another crucial concern that rises with the implementation of IFRS is the balance between the capital alloc ation benefit of a uniform accounting standard against the social cost of forcing diverse firms to adhere to the same rigid standard says Korok Ray, a professor of Economics from George Washington University . Hence, for a small company the cost of shifting from its current accounting practice to IFRS might be too high whereas for a big company it might be small. Furthermore, the time in which all the companies will have to shift from their old system to IFRS can decrease the quality of the financial statements. Lack of experience in this new system of accounting can also increase mistakes making the system less accurate . Nevertheless, it is undeniable that in an increasingly more globalized world, a cross-border accounting system will immensely benefit firms and investors. This system will lead to investment comparisons between various countries, making investors better off. In fact, Marc Fogarty, a Certified Public Accountant says that the single set of standards will cut down the costs to which foreign companies investing in the U.S. markets will have to adhere. He also believes that, the U.S. GAAP standards along with other strict accounting regulations have long been deterrent to foreign companies trying to raise money in the U.S. capital markets . Small investors will be benefited from this change, as they will have an access to more financial information which can be easily understood. In short, implementing IFRS will lead to easy to understand, clear and efficient financial data which will be made available to the general public. Just the implementation of IFRS does not mean investors are prot ected against fraud or misrepresentation of a company’s financial statement. In addition, IFRS also has numerous short term problems that can have a huge impact on its initial adaption and implementation. However, company’s and investors can protect themselves against risks by learning IFRS which will increase their understanding of the financial statement. This will not only help them to critically analyze the numbers represented on the statement but also help them to better compare and contrast one statement from the other nationally or internationally.

Oedipus, The Movie Essay -- Film Oedipus the King

Oedipus, The Movie After reading the play Oedipus the King, I had various expectations related to how the movie should be performed. The stage presentation of the story fulfilled some of my expectations but failed to satisfy others. Most importantly, the performance was an accurate rendering of the play. The characters in the movie were developed effectively and were portrayed precisely as I had perceived them. I thought that the movie lacked qualities including stage design, clothing, and background music. However, these facets of the performance are insignificant because the story is so powerful that it does not need attractive costumes or ostentatious props to support it. The foundation of the play is its intriguing story and thorough development of characters. The movie was very faithful to the play; it followed the story of the book nearly verbatim. The film clarified many parts of the play that I did not fully understand. For example, I found that being able to visually identify the speaker was quite helpful in many circumstances. The movie provided a constant ...

Ethical Standards and the conflict in schools

Educators function as a member of a squad and have a particular relationship with pupils, parents, other school forces, and the community. The quality of these relationships depends non merely on the work performed, but besides on the ethical behaviour demonstrated on the occupation. Educators are faced with ethical issues on a day-to-day footing, including confidentiality, record direction, and the demands placed upon them with the duty of learning pupils and pull offing a schoolroom. Educators frequently face state of affairss where their ain involvements, a pupil ‘s involvement, or the school ‘s involvement may conflict. Ethical criterions help us to go more cognizant of the right class of action with respect to a assortment of positions instead than our ain. Educators are obligated to be as to the full prepared as possible to work ethically, every bit good as lawfully, in the school environment at all times. Ethical criterions supply a model for reflecting on appropriate behaviour. For this assignment, I have researched four articles that address legal and ethical deductions on schoolroom direction in respects to the rights and duties of pupils, parents, and instructors. I will reflect, place, and sum up each article. Finally, I will reason with how these articles have made a difference in how I will pull off my schoolroom. Article 1 The article that I began with is Public school Law: Teachers ‘ and pupil ‘s rights by Martha McCarthy. McCarthy discusses the legal rights of the instructor and the pupil. The Negligent Tort Law shows that instructors may be considered apt if he or she could hold â€Å" foreseen and prevented hurt by exerting proper attention † ( McCarthy, Cambron-McCabe, 1992 ) . The first component of the Negligent Tort Law states that the responsibility to protect is the duty of the instructor – this responsibility includes all necessary safeguards to protect pupils that are under their supervising ( McCarthy, Cambron-McCabe, 1992 ) . Subsequently, if a pupil hurt could hold been anticipated or foreseeable by the instructor and they did non supply sensible supervising of the incident, so, carelessness on the instructor ‘s behalf has occurred ( McCarthy, Cambron-McCabe, 1992 ) . Yet, if a pupil ‘s action or consequence of a pupil ‘s hapless picks contribu ted to the hurt, so the incident itself is considered conducive carelessness, and the instructor is no longer apt ( McCarthy, Cambron-McCabe, 1992 ) . In happening carelessness on a instructor ‘s behalf, one must see the mature and developmentally appropriate behaviour. There are many factors that have to be taken into consideration overall when a negligent claim is filed. Some of such factors are the instructor ‘s enfranchisement, the instructor ‘s preparation, the environment in which the hurt occurred, the instructional activity, and the care of the equipment ( McCarthy, Cambron-McCabe, 1992 ) . How the jurisprudence is stated and the compulsory responsibility of attention can be really intimidating to many instructors and educational professionals. Furthermore, because of such bullying of the Negligent Tort Law, school territories and brotherhoods have mandated specific ordinances, along with policies and processs to forestall such possible incidents from happening ( McCarthy, Cambron-McCabe, 1992 ) . It could be just to state that overall, instructors have the duty to protect their pupils, and the pupils have the right to be protected while in attention of the school. However, when can a instructor ‘s duty take precedency over a pupil ‘s single rights? Hypothetically, a scenario may affect a pupil, whether knowing or non-intentional, seting another pupils wellness or safety in danger. The instructor must look at the public assistance of the pudding stone of pupils and has the right and duty to take the one pupil who is endangering the public assistance of the category from the activity/classroom, or environment to guarantee the wellbeing of the remainder of the category. Some could reason that excepting or taking the pupil is in direct misdemeanor of his/her single rights. The instructor ‘s chief duty of sensible attention could hold been jeopardized due to that pupil ‘s actions as good. Article 2 The 2nd article, Response and Responsibility in the Classroom by Edgar Baguio discusses duties of pupils within the schoolroom. Although Baguio introduces the thought of response of the pupil, which entails how a pupil reacts to a instructor ‘s schoolroom direction system, duty ( Baguio, 2008 ) . Responsibility defines the pupil ‘s occupation of following policies and processs in the schoolroom ( Baguio, 2008 ) . Baguio farther discusses that an effectual schoolroom consists of non merely a instructor, but of pupils who follow through with the schoolroom duties ( Baguio, 2008 ) . He believes that both parties must make their duties so it is easier to trust and swear one another ( Baguio, 2008 ) . The schoolroom direction system becomes less of an issue when trust is established. Article 3 The article Parent-Teacher Conferencing, by Joseph C. Rotter, Edward H. Robinson III, and Mary Ann Fey, discusses the importance of communicating between instructors and parents. It is expressed that there is a important demand for effectual parent-teacher conferencing is the â€Å" legitimate right of parent to hold a voice in the instruction of their kid † ( Rotter et al, pg. 7, 1987 ) . Over the old ages, parents have been progressively more interested in their kids ‘s day-to-day educational activities. Communication is the key. â€Å" When instructors and parents view the educational procedure as a collaborative attempt, the parent-teacher conference becomes a cardinal instructional scheme that will heighten the kid ‘s growing and advance more effectual acquisition † ( Rotter et al, pg. 8, 1987 ) . The article besides addresses the different alterations that affect instructor and parent relationships. The primary concern is the alteration of the household construction and kineticss. The traditional household has changed to being blended, holding individual parents, or holding same sex parents. Because of the obvious alterations, parents and teachers no longer portion common experiences ( Rotter et al, 1987 ) . A opportunity to hold day-to-day interaction has created an obvious cuneus between instructors and parents. The inquiry is how to make full that spread. Communication is the cardinal to making solid dealingss between instructors and parents. Having parent-teacher conferences allows for the most direct signifier of communicating that can be the most meaningful nexus between place and school for the pupil ( Rotter et al, 1987 ) . However, the signifier of communicating is an of import factor. Harmonizing to Rotter et Al, as an pedagogue, holding heat, empathy, regard, concreteness, genuineness, immediateness, and confrontation are of import qualities to hold, but besides cognizing how and when to portray such qualities are requirements for effectual communicating ( Rotter et al, 1987 ) . Article 4 Sarah Ganly wrote Rights and Responsibilities of a Teacher and a Student. Ganly addresses teacher duty within the schoolroom and the rights of the pupils ( Ganly, 2007 ) . Student safety is one of the most of import duties of the instructor ( Ganly, 2007 ) . However, what is different with this peculiar article in comparing to the others is that the parent ‘s rights are addressed. Galley ‘s article addresses that parents have the right to direct their kids to school cognizing that their kid will be safe while in the attention of the school and its instructors ( Ganly, 2007 ) . Teacher ‘s liability and answerability are examined within this article. The illustration of such is that, the jurisprudence states that instructors are â€Å" held apt for a pupil ‘s public assistance if injury is foreseeable † ( Ganly, 2007 ) . Every state of affairs must be viewed separately, and if any, palliating fortunes must be taken into history excessively. When acquisition activities are off premises, the instructor ‘s rights and duties should non be taken lightly. Although, there are many policies and processs that go into readying of field trips, the pupils degree of safety should ever be examined and be the first precedence of instructors and schools. It is a instructor ‘s duty to guarantee the safety and wellbeing of each pupil on a field trip. In order for the instructor to keep overall safety for the pupils, they may hold to be forced to conflict upon a pupil ‘s single rights. This state of affairs within itself can be considered â€Å" grey affair † and fortunes have to be analyzed suitably without premises. Because of the many instances of carelessness and inappropriate behaviour go oning with schools across the state, the rights and duties of pupils and instructors has been a hot controversial issue. There seems to be a important sum of failure of recognition of the direct relationship between pupil â €˜s rights and instructor ‘s duties. Decision I feel confident that my method of schoolroom direction is really appropriate. It is a cross between Wong ‘s Pragmatic Classroom Model and Kagan, Kyle, and Scott ‘s Win-Win Discipline Model. I believe it is the pedagogue ‘s duty to learn pupils how to self-monitor their ain behaviour and keep them accountable. The ultimate ends I have for my pupils is to be able to pull off themselves suitably, to be able to run into their demands through responsible picks, and to be able to develop life accomplishments that will function them into the hereafter. The mix attack of Wong, Kagan, Kyle, and Scott works good for me to promote pupils to take ownership of their learning experience and overall success. Using both Wong ‘s Pragmatic Classroom Model and the Win-Win Discipline Model allows me to keep the pupils responsible for their ain behaviour, larning and success, they both hold the instructor responsible to working hard to keep a safe, positive schoolroom environment that helps pupil work to accomplish personal ends.

Three Day Road

Wandering Windigo of the Wemistikoshiw The novel Three Day Road can be viewed as an explicit indicator as to the importance of sustaining cultural identity, and the consequences associated with its absence from any aspect of human life. The tale provides a salient setting through which this spiritual malfeasance is brought about, with much of its content consisting of the supremacy of the wemistikoshiw, or white man, over the Aboriginals in World War 1. The novel’s European setting manifests the primary cause for the spiritual bankruptcy of Elijah Weesacheejak, one of the story’s central figures and the novel’s primary thematic microcosm. Influenced deeply by Western ideals, he is said to be a windigo which, as explained by the aboriginal bushmaster, Niska, is characterized by: â€Å"†¦sadness so pure that it [shrivels] the human heart and [lets] something else grow in its place† (Boyden 261). A polar opposite to Elijah, Niska recognizes the necessity of spirituality rooted in tradition, and is able to identify the Windigo as a logical product of wemistikoshiw influence. Her nephew, Xavier, is defiantly against European conformity in much the same way, sacrificing physical well-being for the sake of the Cree culture which he cherishes and to which he hopes to return in the wake of the war. It is clear that each of these three characters is negatively affected by the widespread influence of the whites, albeit to different degrees. Each character’s amount of exposure to wemistikoshiw culture corresponds proportionately to both their bodily state by the novel’s end, and their specific levels of windigo-ism. Joseph Boyden’s Three Day Road illuminates the Windigo’s corruption of identity through the personalities of Xavier, Niska and Elijah via their cultural adherence, contrasting health, and dynamic relationships. Much like two sides of the same coin, Western and Aboriginal societies share a structural essence, but vary wildly in their fundamental ideals and respective emphases. Xavier is aware of this distinction between the two peoples, saying: â€Å"†¦I’m left wondering what connection there might be between their [the European] world and mine† (246), in a manner which would suggest that one must belong to one ‘world’ or another, but never both simultaneously. Xavier chooses to live by Aboriginal tradition, as exemplified through his frequent neglect of wemistikoshiw behaviours. A prevalent literary critic explains the significance of naming in this respect, exclaiming that the: â€Å"†¦various names ssumed by or assigned to Xavier and Elijah signify to what extent their identities are able to transcend or fall victim to [the influence of the West]†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" (Gordon 7). The only Western name assigned to Xavier is ‘X’ in light of his extraordinary shooting precision (Boyden 109). Despite the name’s positive connotations, Bird discards it, keeping to his original alias, which is bestowed upon him by his cherished Aboriginal friends (360, 363). It is evident, then, that Xavier’s neglect of the wemistikoshiw ways runs deep, and even when facing external, culture-based adversity, becoming an outcast is always a preferable option to abandonment of his tradition. Unlike the other soldiers, Xavier never acquires even the slightest appetite for killing, believing it to be wasteful in the context of war, since there is nothing to be gained but fresh supplies of bloodshed (Bohr). Initially, Xavier is revolted by the sight of death soon after he witnesses it devastate a German, saying, â€Å"The image of the soldier’s head exploding makes may stomach churn† (Boyden 88). In order to remedy this spiritual deficit he associates with letting the lives of other be wasted, Bird turns to prayer, which keeps him centered and stable within the comfort of his cultural roots. Over the entire course of the novel, Xavier never once forgets the importance of his background in regards to his current situation, meaning that he remains metaphysically anchored in spite of his foreign surroundings. Supplementary to Xavier, in terms of spiritual independence, is Niska, whose understanding of the wemistikoshiw transcends that of every other character in the novel, and stems from both her experiential knowledge of Western culture and the windigo. An objectivist to the core, Niska represents an archetype of cultural wisdom, as described by Joseph Boyden: â€Å"I wanted her to be a strong woman who was doing this [being a woman of the bush] despite what everyone says about her and the toughness of her existence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wylie 229). Niska is exposed to the horrors of the world at an early age, witnessing events such as her father’s murder of one of her fellow Cree gone windigo (Boyden 45). This coupled with her being used sexually by the Frenchman, who claimed to have â€Å"†¦fucked ahcahk, [her] spirit† (174), out of lustful capitalism creates a perfect storm of familiarity with the human condition within her. Niska realizes that the man-made society of the whites further pronounces the flaws of the human spirit, thereby differentiating between her culture and that of the emistikoshiw. She explains this difference early on in the novel, by way of her epileptic visions: â€Å"No one is safe in such times, not even the Cree of the Mushkegowuk. War touches everyone, and windigos spring from the earth† (49). In order to prevent the mingling of Aboriginal and European lifestyles, she completely refuses to submit to the will of the wemistikoshiw, even when forced to live in one of their resi dential schools as a young girl. The bushmaster neglects even menial compulsories, such as hair-cutting, saying, â€Å"They were going to remove the black hair that reached my waist as a symbol of wemistikoshiw authority, of our [the Cree’s] defeat† (93). Coming from a long line of Cree chieftains, Niska not only seeks to avoid the company of windigos, but also is obligated to dispose of them in the best interest of her fellow aboriginals (48). Niska’s comprehension of selfishness’ presence in both the wemistikoshiw and the Windigo contribute to her consequent avoidance of the two, and in turn, her unwavering state of impeccable spiritual stagnancy throughout the novel. Contrarily, Elijah succumbs completely to the culture of the white man, becoming immersed in its ideals and pursuits to the point of morphing into a fully fledged windigo. The reason for Weesacheejak’s uprooted spiritual state can be traced back to his upbringing, which consisted of an intensely ambiguous cultural identity. Growing up in residential schools for much of his life, Elijah is brainwashed into thinking of the Aboriginals as a â€Å"†¦backwards people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (56) by the nuns who live with him. The seeds of European identity clash with those of the Aboriginal culture when he is adopted by Niska, and resultantly, a fragile concept of cultural integrity emerges within him. This identity crisis contributes significantly to his inevitable saturation into the violence of the West, as described by the author Vikki Visvis: â€Å"†¦ Elijah’s perverted determination is primarily the product of the wartime environment, which is an inherently Western endeavor† (273). Elijah learns, very much unhealthily, that identity is malleable, and depends entirely on circumstance rather than individual character. This lack of oneness can be examined easily through his acts in The Great War, which consist of both the impulsive murder and the desecration of his victims (Boyden 310). Elijah’s lack of cultural foundation is responsible for each of these atrocities, and he believes that by committing acts such as scalping those he kills, he is somehow able to absorb a portion of their spirit. Xavier describes Elijah’s carnage as a â€Å"†¦spark which fills his belly when it gnaws for food (200),† thereby pronouncing the young man’s profound emotional imbalances. Elijah’s reliance on the mastery he achieves by ‘owning’ the flesh of his victims is hauntingly reminiscent of the definition of the Windigo, and this is no accident made by Boyden. Despite his inferiority to Xavier in regards to his skills in marksmanship (78), it is he, not his Cree companion who yearns for the blood of his enemies. Such a skewed perspective which testifies to the irrelevant nature of morality can be attributed to the boy’s faithless and marred upbringing. Like a true Windigo, it is Elijah’s lack of cultural backbone which provokes the collapse of his soul, as he contains no trace of the fundamental axioms required in the construction of a spiritually healthy human being. Vividly reflecting the spiritual status of Xavier, Niska and Elijah, is their amount of mental and physical trauma, which is minimized when rooted in a fixed, adaptable personality. Xavier is the prime example of an individual whose disposition itself promotes a fragile psyche, which contains a dangerously low capacity for negative emotions. Caught in the thick of the Great War, there are many instances in the novel which expose Bird’s benevolent personality in order to provide a reason for the corporeal turmoil which he endures. Xavier’s forgiving soul is illustrated multitudinously throughout the novel, emerging most prominently in his taking of Elijah’s namesake after his death, despite the dark circumstances surrounding it (375). Not confined to sorrow based solely on human tragedy, Xavier takes pity on even the lesser forms of life, which are senselessly destroyed as a result of the war. This universal respect for entities is present when he refuses to sweep the swallow’s nest from his cabin window. This defiance initiates his explicit description of Elijah’s carrying out of the terrible deed: Two [birds] are lifeless, killed instantly by the fall. The third raises its featherless head, bewildered, its eyes large and round above its small yellow beak. Its tiny wings beat frantically on the floor, then more slowly. The mother bird cries out. The baby swallow’s lids sink and it ceases to move. I turn my head away from all of them. (Boyden 258) Inherently, Xavier is a character who easily becomes sick with depression due to his compassionate nature, hindering him in certain situations, yet proving to be essential to his maintained Aboriginal perspective as his time spent in the war increases. He deems the west to be a â€Å"strange place where the entire world’s trouble explodes† (22), and it is therefore inevitable that his extensive exposure to the war-torn battlefields of Europe instigates his severe mental strain. Discretely physical, alternatively, is his involuntary ingestion of morphine, which only serves to numb his senses into weakness, threatening his life when he enters withdrawal (289). Despite these eminent dangers to Xavier’s mental and physical state, however, it is his spiritual fortitude which enables both his mind and body to be salvaged by Niska via the matatosowin, or purification ceremony which customarily follows the three day voyage by which a Cree returns to his/her people after a long absence. As explained by Neta Gordon, the event marks a certain: â€Å"†¦constructive deconstruction, and a forward-looking inclination towards healing and hope† (2). Xavier’s symbolic journey represents not the death of his physical body, but the annihilation of the last wemistikoshiw remnant clouding his sanity – his addiction to morphine. In spite of the wide variety of factors hindering Xavier’s will to survive, he is able to outlive his anarchic environment by accessing his actively ethical and tempered personality. Niska is very similar to her nephew in this respect, withstanding an onslaught of traumatizing circumstances back in Canada which test her bodily and cranial stature. Unlike Xavier, however, she is adept in her esoteric self-sufficiency (35), being able to distract her corporeal self from pending danger by actualizing her love of anecdotes. The primary medium she accomplishes this through is her participation in speech craft, which she uses to listen to and project tribal stories as a means of satiating her spiritual hunger (Bohr). A consistent theme embedded within the novel is Niska’s own retelling of her life to Xavier, as embodied by a quote: â€Å"Words are all I have now. I’ve lived alone so long that I’m [Niska] starved to talk† (89). Even earlier in her life than Xavier, the Cree woman develops the aptitude for developing a thick skin via the harnessing emotions such as heartbreak for conversion to wisdom. Her exposure to the Frenchman is notable in this regard. It serves Niska as an impetus through which she begins to develop a mature, progressive outlook on life. Reminiscing about this boost to her spiritual immune system, she says, â€Å"I was young, and the emotions of the young are as strong a pull as the arctic tides that suck fishermen’s canoes out into the bay to be lost forever† (165). In this way, she is able to look back on the event of the European’s quick departure after their first sexual encounter, and understand its arrogant, chauvinistic connotations (135). Upon adaptation to her current situation, she achieves a level of spiritual purity mutual to that of Xavier. With this in mind, it is only through the undamaged will of both Niska and Xavier that he is cleansed of the complete collapse of self which foreruns death (379), and partakes in the â€Å"physical necessity† (Gordon 4) which allows him to survive the ordeal. Were it not for the complimentary moral steadfastness of these two characters, each would have been subjected to profound devastation, with one of them perishing, only to leave the other in a state of mourning over the severing of her last, greatest familial connection. Such an anchored identity is devoid in Elijah’s life, however, as exemplified through his deteriorating eupepsia, which reaches its apex at his demise. At the heart of Elijah’s ambiguous, conditional personality is his unending thirst for exhilaration as a form of immediate gratification. Saturated by the empiricism of the residential schools, which deny the existence of all aboriginal deities, Elijah thrives on the seemingly transcendent feeling of adrenaline coursing through his veins. When Xavier ponders the spreading of a forest fire into the town they reside in before the war, Elijah responds with: â€Å"Can you imagine anything more glorious? † (Boyden 142), thereby manifesting his twisted disposition towards fear, while also foreshadowing his eventual descent into lunacy. Lieutenant Breech’s evaluation of the aboriginal people finds a portion of truth in Elijah, since metaphorically, his blood really is, â€Å"†¦closer to that of an animal than that of a man,† (101). In order to subconsciously override this perverted perspective in favour of a religious outlook, he turns to the recreational use of morphine, which is present in high amounts amongst his brother in arms, Grey Eyes. When describing its effects, Elijah says: â€Å"It allowed me to leave my body and see what was around me. I see how it could be a very powerful tool in a place like this† (128). By no coincidence, this passage occurs at around the same point where Elijah loses his knowledge of the aboriginal tongue, and thus, becomes linguistically assimilated by his fellow soldiers. The morphine hollows Elijah’s soul and accelerates his acculturation, causing him to pursue pleasure and meaning from killing (283), through which he attains the spontaneous euphoria which he craves. Instead of discovering the spiritual intelligence and purpose of which his life is bankrupt, he loses grasp on the distinction of reality and fantasy, with Xavier exclaiming late in the novel that, â€Å"†¦he [Elijah] walks with one foot in this world, [and] one firmly planted in the other world† (334). Additionally, the morphine ingestion was meant to rid him of his inner demons, such as his previously stated animalistic tendencies. Instead, it only serves to sharpen these instincts, and feed them with a profound apathy that enables Elijah to live without fear of moral consequences (212). This quickly advances into an addiction which exceeds recreational foundations in favour of unbridled dependence, and is the primary reason for Elijah’s eventual metamorphosis into a walking anathema. As stated by the author, Vikki Visvis, â€Å"Elijah’s windigo state is part shell shock, part morphine emotional addiction induced by European contact, and part internalized racism learned at residential schools† (Visvis 223). Therefore, Elijah’s downward spiral into death was not based significantly on his overuse of morphine, but his spiritual surrender to the drug. Over time his relationship with Grey Eyes (Boyden 313) becomes one which is entirely centered on the drug, and is therefore, not a true relationship at all, but an uninvolved, symbiotic connection existing only to satiate dark indulgences of a stereotypical windigo. The notion of relationships present in the lives of Xavier, Niska, and Elijah reveals, through their level of social authenticity, how completely they have become absorbed into the world of the wemistikoshiw. Xavier’s relationship with the Ontario Rifles can be accurately described as precarious and fluctuant. He refuses to socialize with the vast majority of his wartime acquaintances met during the war, with the exception of war veterans Thompson and General McCann (317). Bird reveres the two, figuring that they have each tolerated war for many years without cracking under its sinister pressure. The fact that Bird respects their capacity for bodily toil without the use of morphine indicates an avid understanding of both the war’s potential dangers, and its ability to corrupt those not willing to remain immovably independent from its paradigms. When describing the nature of the Great War, Xavier personifies it as a monster which hungers for the bodies of soldiers (73), thus explaining the prayers he sends to Gitchi Manitou, requesting a safe return home to his aunt in Moose Factory (237). Consequently, Xavier’s seclusion from the vast majority of the Ontario Rifles flourishes, and is only ompounded by his unwillingness to learn English and loss of hearing (227). Bird, however, is dynamic in his relationships on occasion, as with the case of his pseudo-lover, Lisette. Initially, Xavier believes her to be an innocent soul who is untouched by the hedonism and selfishness of the West, swiftly proceeding into what he believes to be a loving relationship with her (159 ). He is overwhelmed with feelings of aching for her not long afterwards, deciding to disobey the orders of his superiors and return to the town where they met. He is unexpected met with animosity from the girl, who turns out to be not as authentic as she first appeared: â€Å"’You can’t stay, Indian boy,’ she whispers. My stomach feels as if it has been punched so hard that all the air has left it. ‘I am with another. He is upstairs’† (252). Crushed by the betrayal he feels upon discovering Lisette to be a prostitute, Xavier’s isolation reaches its all-time peak. Despite being left with only affection for his heritage and aunt, he remains religiously disciplined when continuing his participation in the war. By the end of the novel, Xavier completely comprehends the nature of the West’s cultural imperialism and individualistic ideals. He recognizes these traits in Elijah, causing their friendship to decay at a breakneck pace. With the established practice of Niska in mind, he carries on the legacy of the Windigo-killer, and murdering Elijah for the sake of the sane. As described by Neta Gordon: â€Å"The role of the windigo killer is taken on because it fulfills the community necessity, and, in the case of†¦Xavier, it is taken on rather inadvertently and somewhat reluctantly† (Gordon 11). Xavier’s most endearing attribute, therefore, is his independence, because it facilitates his ability glimpse at his communal surroundings objectively, and make correspondingly righteous decisions. The greatest example of an ethical figure present in the novel, however, is Niska, whose wild life alone in the bush proves to be the perfect setting for producing a terrene, detached shaman. In her epileptic visions, Niska establishes somewhat of a one-sided relationship with the conflict in Europe, which cultivates her interest of the Windigo psychosis scourging the continent. To this end, she ominously states: â€Å"The sickness of the windigo could spread as surely as the invisible sickness of the windigo† (Boyden 262). Like Xavier’s use of Thompson and McCann as moral benchmarks, Niska leans on her family for moral support throughout the novel: namely her father and sister, Rabbit. The salience of these two characters is the radically opposing symbolism which they maintain in their relationship with the bushmaster. While Rabbit teaches the Niska unconditional love through fond memories (34), her father, the late hookimaw, or village elder, instills in her a primitive sense of respect and tradition. It is from these two characters that Niska is able to educate the last of her kin, Xavier, in the ways of the Cree, and ultimately, provide him with the emotional stability necessary to survive the effects of war through what Neta Gordon calls a â€Å"detoxification† process (Gordon 4). Most prevalent and divulging of Niska’s connection with others is her role as a Windigo-killer, which implies an acute responsibility for making difficult choices which often contradict what is deemed to be ‘civilized’ (Boyden 169). Ironically, it is Niska’s solitude and right-judgment which give her the reputation as what Xavier, and undoubtedly many others call a â€Å"†¦ good and crazy woman† (221). In actuality, Niska’s actions exude wisdom, pragmatism, and an authentic desire to obliterate the radiating wreckage of the Windigo. The malfunctioned motivations of a windigo cannot warrant animosity on their own, and rely on the destructive actions of characters like Elijah to animate their nature. As described by Joseph Boyden: â€Å"He [Elijah] isn’t grounded in his place or culture, and this ends up being very damaging to him† (Wyile 230). Incessant boasting is what is most easily evident in his demeanor, with Xavier pointing out a multitude of situations in which Elijah can be found falsely glorifying himself due to his emotional insecurity (Boyden 77). At one point in the novel, Xavier declares: I look around and realize that I know very few men by name any more. So many have come and gone that I’ve lost track. Amazingly, Elijah seems to know all of them, acts as if he’s known them for years. 243) The white-washed Weesacheejak is only capable of establishing superficial relationships with the other soldiers by donning a â€Å"mask† (314) which, in reality, distances him further from his allies than even Xavier does. A will to dominate sprouts from his impersonal approach to friendship, resulting in the fiery approach to human interaction that is demonstrated in Weesacheejak’s relationship with Peggy. When scouting one day with Xavier, he says, quite irrelevantly, â€Å"I am better than Peggy. He cannot take a scalp. He cannot do what I do† (246). Elijah’s attitudes towards superseding others are crystallized in his love for flying, since it entails an elevated level of importance in comparison to civilization, which is largely terrestrial. Ironically, when he does experience flight for the first time in an aero plane, it brings him a great pain, (331) thus foreshadowing the untimely demise of which he experiences by the novel’s close, which is brought about by his greed for contention. Most detrimental to Elijah’s psyche, undoubtedly, is his swift acceptance of western customs and paradigms, which is demonstrated by his conformity to the warmongering attitudes of his colleagues. Elijah’s bloodlust steadily increases throughout the duration of the novel, earning him medals of honour for his â€Å"unmatched bravery† in the face of battle (254). What these medals symbolize is a complete forfeit of his kinship with the Cree, a culture which preaches the sanctity of every form of life. Additionally, the medals indicate the completeness of Elijah’s assimilation into Europe’s wartime effort, and the connotations of selfishness which fester in its nucleus. Deranged and unsatisfied with even this acknowledgement, however, Elijah’s desire for human flesh continues to define him to the point of unsuccessfully assaulting Xavier, and dying in the process. He is the epitome of a non-Aboriginal, having always having what Xavier calls a â€Å"†¦gift for the wemistikoshiw language† (59). Elijah does not discover other people, which soils the seed of a robust relationship, but uses them as devices for augmenting his ego in a fashion typical of both an avaricious European and the Windigo. The purpose of Three Day Road by Joseph Boyden is to introduce the Windigo’s infectious and corrosive potential for spiritual defilement through the personalities of Xavier, Niska and Elijah via their cultural adherence, contrasting health, and dynamic relationships. The degree to which these three protagonists repel or embrace attitudes characteristic of the Windigo determines their physical, mental, and spiritual condition by the end of the anecdote. The novel’s ‘Wandering Windigo,’ Elijah, is portrayed as an individual who can find neither a form of metaphysical shelter, nor a definite identity, resulting in his decline into nothingness. In his downfall however, Elijah destroys the lives of hundreds, highlighting the necessity for Xavier’s donning of the Windigo-killer from Niska. By way of extension, Boyden speaks, via the juxtaposition of Xavier and Niska in comparison to Elijah, of the importance of the righteous, and their responsibility to eradicate evil before it is able to worsen despite the contesting pressures of one’s affiliates. Most importantly, the novel is Boyden’s plea to immerse children in the indigenous dimensions of their ethnicity and nationality in order to construct a strong sense of identity. An Aboriginal himself, Boyden describes Three Day Road as a cautionary tale (393) in which the human person is presented as a feeble, vulnerable entity which can only be sustained when its body, mind, and spirit are in communion with one another. The novel seeks to be food for thought, asking its audience how they would respond to excruciating circumstances such as war – whether they would be able to stay anchored enough to survive it, or experience the downwards spiral of the Windigo. In the course of our lives, will we journey along the road most travelled, losing ourselves to the entropic tides of conformity, or pave our own path in order to live an independent, fruitful existence? Three Day Road Arthur Joseph Boyden represents Carl Jung’s idea that humans often create a persona in order to be perceived by society in a certain way through the journey of the main character in the novel ‘Three Day Road’. Joseph Boyden illustrates the idea that war may impact someone to become something they initially weren’t. That being said, World War I, Aboriginal sniper Elijah Weesageechak becomes mentally and physically corrupted by the war, which results to his inevitable death. Further more, the loss of identity, his desire to become a war hero, and the use of morphine to escape reality caused Elijah Weesageechak to become a motionless killer.Once Elijah joined the Canadian army, he immediately did what ever he could in order to blend in with the other soldiers. Elijah had initially been able to speak English so he could communicate with the white soldiers, for he was raised by nuns in a residential school. To hide that he was an Aboriginal man, Elijah chose to adopt a British accent and speaking style when among the other soldiers. â€Å"Dear Henry, would you be a kind chap and make me a cup of tea? † (144). Elijah’s decision to not speak Cree when around his peers was his attempt to blend in with the rest of his former soldiers.Ditching his original Cree accent and adopting a British one was Elijah first step to creating his new persona. After Elijah became more familiar with the other soldiers, Corporal Thompson had chosen Elijah to be apart of a night raid. During the raid, Elijah and his best friend Xavier threw mill bombs into a German trench, thus killing the people inside. When Elijah returned to the Canadian trench, Corporal Thompson asked him if he enjoyed the night raid. Elijah responded, â€Å"It’s in my blood† (75). By doing so, Elijah had gone against the traditional Cree ways he was taught by Xavier and Niska.Instead he had modified his persona to embrace war and killing, which contradicts his ini tial belief before entering the war. That being said, it is quite evident that Elijah had disregarded his Cree traditions so he could become someone who only cared about killing and to fulfil his desired reputation as a deadly sniper. In order for Elijah to prove his killing abilities as a soldier to his peers, he begins to collect the scalps of his killings as trophies. In the novel, Elijah asks, â€Å"And what will collecting these trophies do for me? † â€Å"They will buy you honour among us† Francis says. â€Å"And we are honourable men† (204).Elijah feels as though he has to prove his killing abilities by gathering scalps so he will be accepted and favoured by his fellow soldiers. During Elijah’s quest on becoming a war hero, Elijah begins to enjoy killing and the fame that he receives from it. Elijah feels he must rise at every opportunity in order to impress his peers. An occurrence where Elijah’s persona was shown was when the Germans were retreating from a battle, and Elijah picked a target far off in the distance and shot him. The Canadian soldiers around him cheered and said that they will never see anything like that again.Elijah arrogantly responded: â€Å"Until the next time you are with me in a similar situation† (243). Elijah was unable to stop killing for he had become addicted to the fame he was rewarded with. This is revealed in the novel when Elijah says, â€Å"I’d go mad in a hospital so far away from it all† (150). Elijah’s desire to become a war hero caused him to partake in countless murders in order to impress others. He was able to do so with no emotion through his frequent use of morphine. Elijah used morphine when he participated in raids in order to get a ‘sense’ of his surroundings.Xavier description of Elijah on morphine is explained as: â€Å"But when the golden liquid is in his veins! Even at night the world is bathed in a soft light†¦He can make himself float from his body at will and look down at the world below him† (212). Elijah’s natural talent for hunting combined with his unhealthy use of morphine made him twice as dangerous. Without the morphine in his veins, Elijah became scared of the worlds, which lead him to use it more frequently. As he abused morphine, the real world became distorted. Without fear and pain, war was a game to Elijah.A game he enjoyed and became good at. Through the use of morphine, Elijah lacked an anchor to reality and because of this, killing became mechanical. An example of this is when Elijah and Xavier are on a sniping mission, they mistake a woman for an enemy and Elijah shoots her. Xavier angrily questions Elijah’s reaction to kill the woman. Elijah defends himself by responding with â€Å"I am trained not to hesitate in situations of danger† (306). Elijah’s response was robotic and emotionless. Eventually, Elijah starts to kill Canadian soldiers who get in his way.Xavier realizes Elijah has been completely broken by the war and has to be put down. Xavier is forced to kill his best friend, for the war changed him into a man he no longer knew. World War I was evidently too much for Elijah to handle. In order to fit in with the rest of the soldiers he had to throw away his Aboriginal Cree identity and adopt a British one which eventually lead to Elijah performing actions that went against the Cree traditions. That being said, he began to embrace war and killing in order to impress his fellow soldiers, as his ultimate conquest was to become a war hero.Further more, Elijah’s conscious was too powerful and filled his heart with guilt, which resulted in his use of morphine to conceal his inner emotions. With the aid of drugs, Elijah had become a mechanical killing robot whose thirst for blood was immeasurable. Unfortunately his uncontrollable actions were beginning to cause harm to his fellow peers, which resulted in the decision t o kill Elijah to protect the safety of the Canadian soldiers. Finally, Joseph Boyden illustrates the idea that the destruction of war may have an impact on one’s inner self and that fame and acceptance is something one is willing to die for. Three Day Road Wandering Windigo of the Wemistikoshiw The novel Three Day Road can be viewed as an explicit indicator as to the importance of sustaining cultural identity, and the consequences associated with its absence from any aspect of human life. The tale provides a salient setting through which this spiritual malfeasance is brought about, with much of its content consisting of the supremacy of the wemistikoshiw, or white man, over the Aboriginals in World War 1. The novel’s European setting manifests the primary cause for the spiritual bankruptcy of Elijah Weesacheejak, one of the story’s central figures and the novel’s primary thematic microcosm. Influenced deeply by Western ideals, he is said to be a windigo which, as explained by the aboriginal bushmaster, Niska, is characterized by: â€Å"†¦sadness so pure that it [shrivels] the human heart and [lets] something else grow in its place† (Boyden 261). A polar opposite to Elijah, Niska recognizes the necessity of spirituality rooted in tradition, and is able to identify the Windigo as a logical product of wemistikoshiw influence. Her nephew, Xavier, is defiantly against European conformity in much the same way, sacrificing physical well-being for the sake of the Cree culture which he cherishes and to which he hopes to return in the wake of the war. It is clear that each of these three characters is negatively affected by the widespread influence of the whites, albeit to different degrees. Each character’s amount of exposure to wemistikoshiw culture corresponds proportionately to both their bodily state by the novel’s end, and their specific levels of windigo-ism. Joseph Boyden’s Three Day Road illuminates the Windigo’s corruption of identity through the personalities of Xavier, Niska and Elijah via their cultural adherence, contrasting health, and dynamic relationships. Much like two sides of the same coin, Western and Aboriginal societies share a structural essence, but vary wildly in their fundamental ideals and respective emphases. Xavier is aware of this distinction between the two peoples, saying: â€Å"†¦I’m left wondering what connection there might be between their [the European] world and mine† (246), in a manner which would suggest that one must belong to one ‘world’ or another, but never both simultaneously. Xavier chooses to live by Aboriginal tradition, as exemplified through his frequent neglect of wemistikoshiw behaviours. A prevalent literary critic explains the significance of naming in this respect, exclaiming that the: â€Å"†¦various names ssumed by or assigned to Xavier and Elijah signify to what extent their identities are able to transcend or fall victim to [the influence of the West]†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" (Gordon 7). The only Western name assigned to Xavier is ‘X’ in light of his extraordinary shooting precision (Boyden 109). Despite the name’s positive connotations, Bird discards it, keeping to his original alias, which is bestowed upon him by his cherished Aboriginal friends (360, 363). It is evident, then, that Xavier’s neglect of the wemistikoshiw ways runs deep, and even when facing external, culture-based adversity, becoming an outcast is always a preferable option to abandonment of his tradition. Unlike the other soldiers, Xavier never acquires even the slightest appetite for killing, believing it to be wasteful in the context of war, since there is nothing to be gained but fresh supplies of bloodshed (Bohr). Initially, Xavier is revolted by the sight of death soon after he witnesses it devastate a German, saying, â€Å"The image of the soldier’s head exploding makes may stomach churn† (Boyden 88). In order to remedy this spiritual deficit he associates with letting the lives of other be wasted, Bird turns to prayer, which keeps him centered and stable within the comfort of his cultural roots. Over the entire course of the novel, Xavier never once forgets the importance of his background in regards to his current situation, meaning that he remains metaphysically anchored in spite of his foreign surroundings. Supplementary to Xavier, in terms of spiritual independence, is Niska, whose understanding of the wemistikoshiw transcends that of every other character in the novel, and stems from both her experiential knowledge of Western culture and the windigo. An objectivist to the core, Niska represents an archetype of cultural wisdom, as described by Joseph Boyden: â€Å"I wanted her to be a strong woman who was doing this [being a woman of the bush] despite what everyone says about her and the toughness of her existence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wylie 229). Niska is exposed to the horrors of the world at an early age, witnessing events such as her father’s murder of one of her fellow Cree gone windigo (Boyden 45). This coupled with her being used sexually by the Frenchman, who claimed to have â€Å"†¦fucked ahcahk, [her] spirit† (174), out of lustful capitalism creates a perfect storm of familiarity with the human condition within her. Niska realizes that the man-made society of the whites further pronounces the flaws of the human spirit, thereby differentiating between her culture and that of the emistikoshiw. She explains this difference early on in the novel, by way of her epileptic visions: â€Å"No one is safe in such times, not even the Cree of the Mushkegowuk. War touches everyone, and windigos spring from the earth† (49). In order to prevent the mingling of Aboriginal and European lifestyles, she completely refuses to submit to the will of the wemistikoshiw, even when forced to live in one of their resi dential schools as a young girl. The bushmaster neglects even menial compulsories, such as hair-cutting, saying, â€Å"They were going to remove the black hair that reached my waist as a symbol of wemistikoshiw authority, of our [the Cree’s] defeat† (93). Coming from a long line of Cree chieftains, Niska not only seeks to avoid the company of windigos, but also is obligated to dispose of them in the best interest of her fellow aboriginals (48). Niska’s comprehension of selfishness’ presence in both the wemistikoshiw and the Windigo contribute to her consequent avoidance of the two, and in turn, her unwavering state of impeccable spiritual stagnancy throughout the novel. Contrarily, Elijah succumbs completely to the culture of the white man, becoming immersed in its ideals and pursuits to the point of morphing into a fully fledged windigo. The reason for Weesacheejak’s uprooted spiritual state can be traced back to his upbringing, which consisted of an intensely ambiguous cultural identity. Growing up in residential schools for much of his life, Elijah is brainwashed into thinking of the Aboriginals as a â€Å"†¦backwards people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (56) by the nuns who live with him. The seeds of European identity clash with those of the Aboriginal culture when he is adopted by Niska, and resultantly, a fragile concept of cultural integrity emerges within him. This identity crisis contributes significantly to his inevitable saturation into the violence of the West, as described by the author Vikki Visvis: â€Å"†¦ Elijah’s perverted determination is primarily the product of the wartime environment, which is an inherently Western endeavor† (273). Elijah learns, very much unhealthily, that identity is malleable, and depends entirely on circumstance rather than individual character. This lack of oneness can be examined easily through his acts in The Great War, which consist of both the impulsive murder and the desecration of his victims (Boyden 310). Elijah’s lack of cultural foundation is responsible for each of these atrocities, and he believes that by committing acts such as scalping those he kills, he is somehow able to absorb a portion of their spirit. Xavier describes Elijah’s carnage as a â€Å"†¦spark which fills his belly when it gnaws for food (200),† thereby pronouncing the young man’s profound emotional imbalances. Elijah’s reliance on the mastery he achieves by ‘owning’ the flesh of his victims is hauntingly reminiscent of the definition of the Windigo, and this is no accident made by Boyden. Despite his inferiority to Xavier in regards to his skills in marksmanship (78), it is he, not his Cree companion who yearns for the blood of his enemies. Such a skewed perspective which testifies to the irrelevant nature of morality can be attributed to the boy’s faithless and marred upbringing. Like a true Windigo, it is Elijah’s lack of cultural backbone which provokes the collapse of his soul, as he contains no trace of the fundamental axioms required in the construction of a spiritually healthy human being. Vividly reflecting the spiritual status of Xavier, Niska and Elijah, is their amount of mental and physical trauma, which is minimized when rooted in a fixed, adaptable personality. Xavier is the prime example of an individual whose disposition itself promotes a fragile psyche, which contains a dangerously low capacity for negative emotions. Caught in the thick of the Great War, there are many instances in the novel which expose Bird’s benevolent personality in order to provide a reason for the corporeal turmoil which he endures. Xavier’s forgiving soul is illustrated multitudinously throughout the novel, emerging most prominently in his taking of Elijah’s namesake after his death, despite the dark circumstances surrounding it (375). Not confined to sorrow based solely on human tragedy, Xavier takes pity on even the lesser forms of life, which are senselessly destroyed as a result of the war. This universal respect for entities is present when he refuses to sweep the swallow’s nest from his cabin window. This defiance initiates his explicit description of Elijah’s carrying out of the terrible deed: Two [birds] are lifeless, killed instantly by the fall. The third raises its featherless head, bewildered, its eyes large and round above its small yellow beak. Its tiny wings beat frantically on the floor, then more slowly. The mother bird cries out. The baby swallow’s lids sink and it ceases to move. I turn my head away from all of them. (Boyden 258) Inherently, Xavier is a character who easily becomes sick with depression due to his compassionate nature, hindering him in certain situations, yet proving to be essential to his maintained Aboriginal perspective as his time spent in the war increases. He deems the west to be a â€Å"strange place where the entire world’s trouble explodes† (22), and it is therefore inevitable that his extensive exposure to the war-torn battlefields of Europe instigates his severe mental strain. Discretely physical, alternatively, is his involuntary ingestion of morphine, which only serves to numb his senses into weakness, threatening his life when he enters withdrawal (289). Despite these eminent dangers to Xavier’s mental and physical state, however, it is his spiritual fortitude which enables both his mind and body to be salvaged by Niska via the matatosowin, or purification ceremony which customarily follows the three day voyage by which a Cree returns to his/her people after a long absence. As explained by Neta Gordon, the event marks a certain: â€Å"†¦constructive deconstruction, and a forward-looking inclination towards healing and hope† (2). Xavier’s symbolic journey represents not the death of his physical body, but the annihilation of the last wemistikoshiw remnant clouding his sanity – his addiction to morphine. In spite of the wide variety of factors hindering Xavier’s will to survive, he is able to outlive his anarchic environment by accessing his actively ethical and tempered personality. Niska is very similar to her nephew in this respect, withstanding an onslaught of traumatizing circumstances back in Canada which test her bodily and cranial stature. Unlike Xavier, however, she is adept in her esoteric self-sufficiency (35), being able to distract her corporeal self from pending danger by actualizing her love of anecdotes. The primary medium she accomplishes this through is her participation in speech craft, which she uses to listen to and project tribal stories as a means of satiating her spiritual hunger (Bohr). A consistent theme embedded within the novel is Niska’s own retelling of her life to Xavier, as embodied by a quote: â€Å"Words are all I have now. I’ve lived alone so long that I’m [Niska] starved to talk† (89). Even earlier in her life than Xavier, the Cree woman develops the aptitude for developing a thick skin via the harnessing emotions such as heartbreak for conversion to wisdom. Her exposure to the Frenchman is notable in this regard. It serves Niska as an impetus through which she begins to develop a mature, progressive outlook on life. Reminiscing about this boost to her spiritual immune system, she says, â€Å"I was young, and the emotions of the young are as strong a pull as the arctic tides that suck fishermen’s canoes out into the bay to be lost forever† (165). In this way, she is able to look back on the event of the European’s quick departure after their first sexual encounter, and understand its arrogant, chauvinistic connotations (135). Upon adaptation to her current situation, she achieves a level of spiritual purity mutual to that of Xavier. With this in mind, it is only through the undamaged will of both Niska and Xavier that he is cleansed of the complete collapse of self which foreruns death (379), and partakes in the â€Å"physical necessity† (Gordon 4) which allows him to survive the ordeal. Were it not for the complimentary moral steadfastness of these two characters, each would have been subjected to profound devastation, with one of them perishing, only to leave the other in a state of mourning over the severing of her last, greatest familial connection. Such an anchored identity is devoid in Elijah’s life, however, as exemplified through his deteriorating eupepsia, which reaches its apex at his demise. At the heart of Elijah’s ambiguous, conditional personality is his unending thirst for exhilaration as a form of immediate gratification. Saturated by the empiricism of the residential schools, which deny the existence of all aboriginal deities, Elijah thrives on the seemingly transcendent feeling of adrenaline coursing through his veins. When Xavier ponders the spreading of a forest fire into the town they reside in before the war, Elijah responds with: â€Å"Can you imagine anything more glorious? † (Boyden 142), thereby manifesting his twisted disposition towards fear, while also foreshadowing his eventual descent into lunacy. Lieutenant Breech’s evaluation of the aboriginal people finds a portion of truth in Elijah, since metaphorically, his blood really is, â€Å"†¦closer to that of an animal than that of a man,† (101). In order to subconsciously override this perverted perspective in favour of a religious outlook, he turns to the recreational use of morphine, which is present in high amounts amongst his brother in arms, Grey Eyes. When describing its effects, Elijah says: â€Å"It allowed me to leave my body and see what was around me. I see how it could be a very powerful tool in a place like this† (128). By no coincidence, this passage occurs at around the same point where Elijah loses his knowledge of the aboriginal tongue, and thus, becomes linguistically assimilated by his fellow soldiers. The morphine hollows Elijah’s soul and accelerates his acculturation, causing him to pursue pleasure and meaning from killing (283), through which he attains the spontaneous euphoria which he craves. Instead of discovering the spiritual intelligence and purpose of which his life is bankrupt, he loses grasp on the distinction of reality and fantasy, with Xavier exclaiming late in the novel that, â€Å"†¦he [Elijah] walks with one foot in this world, [and] one firmly planted in the other world† (334). Additionally, the morphine ingestion was meant to rid him of his inner demons, such as his previously stated animalistic tendencies. Instead, it only serves to sharpen these instincts, and feed them with a profound apathy that enables Elijah to live without fear of moral consequences (212). This quickly advances into an addiction which exceeds recreational foundations in favour of unbridled dependence, and is the primary reason for Elijah’s eventual metamorphosis into a walking anathema. As stated by the author, Vikki Visvis, â€Å"Elijah’s windigo state is part shell shock, part morphine emotional addiction induced by European contact, and part internalized racism learned at residential schools† (Visvis 223). Therefore, Elijah’s downward spiral into death was not based significantly on his overuse of morphine, but his spiritual surrender to the drug. Over time his relationship with Grey Eyes (Boyden 313) becomes one which is entirely centered on the drug, and is therefore, not a true relationship at all, but an uninvolved, symbiotic connection existing only to satiate dark indulgences of a stereotypical windigo. The notion of relationships present in the lives of Xavier, Niska, and Elijah reveals, through their level of social authenticity, how completely they have become absorbed into the world of the wemistikoshiw. Xavier’s relationship with the Ontario Rifles can be accurately described as precarious and fluctuant. He refuses to socialize with the vast majority of his wartime acquaintances met during the war, with the exception of war veterans Thompson and General McCann (317). Bird reveres the two, figuring that they have each tolerated war for many years without cracking under its sinister pressure. The fact that Bird respects their capacity for bodily toil without the use of morphine indicates an avid understanding of both the war’s potential dangers, and its ability to corrupt those not willing to remain immovably independent from its paradigms. When describing the nature of the Great War, Xavier personifies it as a monster which hungers for the bodies of soldiers (73), thus explaining the prayers he sends to Gitchi Manitou, requesting a safe return home to his aunt in Moose Factory (237). Consequently, Xavier’s seclusion from the vast majority of the Ontario Rifles flourishes, and is only ompounded by his unwillingness to learn English and loss of hearing (227). Bird, however, is dynamic in his relationships on occasion, as with the case of his pseudo-lover, Lisette. Initially, Xavier believes her to be an innocent soul who is untouched by the hedonism and selfishness of the West, swiftly proceeding into what he believes to be a loving relationship with her (159 ). He is overwhelmed with feelings of aching for her not long afterwards, deciding to disobey the orders of his superiors and return to the town where they met. He is unexpected met with animosity from the girl, who turns out to be not as authentic as she first appeared: â€Å"’You can’t stay, Indian boy,’ she whispers. My stomach feels as if it has been punched so hard that all the air has left it. ‘I am with another. He is upstairs’† (252). Crushed by the betrayal he feels upon discovering Lisette to be a prostitute, Xavier’s isolation reaches its all-time peak. Despite being left with only affection for his heritage and aunt, he remains religiously disciplined when continuing his participation in the war. By the end of the novel, Xavier completely comprehends the nature of the West’s cultural imperialism and individualistic ideals. He recognizes these traits in Elijah, causing their friendship to decay at a breakneck pace. With the established practice of Niska in mind, he carries on the legacy of the Windigo-killer, and murdering Elijah for the sake of the sane. As described by Neta Gordon: â€Å"The role of the windigo killer is taken on because it fulfills the community necessity, and, in the case of†¦Xavier, it is taken on rather inadvertently and somewhat reluctantly† (Gordon 11). Xavier’s most endearing attribute, therefore, is his independence, because it facilitates his ability glimpse at his communal surroundings objectively, and make correspondingly righteous decisions. The greatest example of an ethical figure present in the novel, however, is Niska, whose wild life alone in the bush proves to be the perfect setting for producing a terrene, detached shaman. In her epileptic visions, Niska establishes somewhat of a one-sided relationship with the conflict in Europe, which cultivates her interest of the Windigo psychosis scourging the continent. To this end, she ominously states: â€Å"The sickness of the windigo could spread as surely as the invisible sickness of the windigo† (Boyden 262). Like Xavier’s use of Thompson and McCann as moral benchmarks, Niska leans on her family for moral support throughout the novel: namely her father and sister, Rabbit. The salience of these two characters is the radically opposing symbolism which they maintain in their relationship with the bushmaster. While Rabbit teaches the Niska unconditional love through fond memories (34), her father, the late hookimaw, or village elder, instills in her a primitive sense of respect and tradition. It is from these two characters that Niska is able to educate the last of her kin, Xavier, in the ways of the Cree, and ultimately, provide him with the emotional stability necessary to survive the effects of war through what Neta Gordon calls a â€Å"detoxification† process (Gordon 4). Most prevalent and divulging of Niska’s connection with others is her role as a Windigo-killer, which implies an acute responsibility for making difficult choices which often contradict what is deemed to be ‘civilized’ (Boyden 169). Ironically, it is Niska’s solitude and right-judgment which give her the reputation as what Xavier, and undoubtedly many others call a â€Å"†¦ good and crazy woman† (221). In actuality, Niska’s actions exude wisdom, pragmatism, and an authentic desire to obliterate the radiating wreckage of the Windigo. The malfunctioned motivations of a windigo cannot warrant animosity on their own, and rely on the destructive actions of characters like Elijah to animate their nature. As described by Joseph Boyden: â€Å"He [Elijah] isn’t grounded in his place or culture, and this ends up being very damaging to him† (Wyile 230). Incessant boasting is what is most easily evident in his demeanor, with Xavier pointing out a multitude of situations in which Elijah can be found falsely glorifying himself due to his emotional insecurity (Boyden 77). At one point in the novel, Xavier declares: I look around and realize that I know very few men by name any more. So many have come and gone that I’ve lost track. Amazingly, Elijah seems to know all of them, acts as if he’s known them for years. 243) The white-washed Weesacheejak is only capable of establishing superficial relationships with the other soldiers by donning a â€Å"mask† (314) which, in reality, distances him further from his allies than even Xavier does. A will to dominate sprouts from his impersonal approach to friendship, resulting in the fiery approach to human interaction that is demonstrated in Weesacheejak’s relationship with Peggy. When scouting one day with Xavier, he says, quite irrelevantly, â€Å"I am better than Peggy. He cannot take a scalp. He cannot do what I do† (246). Elijah’s attitudes towards superseding others are crystallized in his love for flying, since it entails an elevated level of importance in comparison to civilization, which is largely terrestrial. Ironically, when he does experience flight for the first time in an aero plane, it brings him a great pain, (331) thus foreshadowing the untimely demise of which he experiences by the novel’s close, which is brought about by his greed for contention. Most detrimental to Elijah’s psyche, undoubtedly, is his swift acceptance of western customs and paradigms, which is demonstrated by his conformity to the warmongering attitudes of his colleagues. Elijah’s bloodlust steadily increases throughout the duration of the novel, earning him medals of honour for his â€Å"unmatched bravery† in the face of battle (254). What these medals symbolize is a complete forfeit of his kinship with the Cree, a culture which preaches the sanctity of every form of life. Additionally, the medals indicate the completeness of Elijah’s assimilation into Europe’s wartime effort, and the connotations of selfishness which fester in its nucleus. Deranged and unsatisfied with even this acknowledgement, however, Elijah’s desire for human flesh continues to define him to the point of unsuccessfully assaulting Xavier, and dying in the process. He is the epitome of a non-Aboriginal, having always having what Xavier calls a â€Å"†¦gift for the wemistikoshiw language† (59). Elijah does not discover other people, which soils the seed of a robust relationship, but uses them as devices for augmenting his ego in a fashion typical of both an avaricious European and the Windigo. The purpose of Three Day Road by Joseph Boyden is to introduce the Windigo’s infectious and corrosive potential for spiritual defilement through the personalities of Xavier, Niska and Elijah via their cultural adherence, contrasting health, and dynamic relationships. The degree to which these three protagonists repel or embrace attitudes characteristic of the Windigo determines their physical, mental, and spiritual condition by the end of the anecdote. The novel’s ‘Wandering Windigo,’ Elijah, is portrayed as an individual who can find neither a form of metaphysical shelter, nor a definite identity, resulting in his decline into nothingness. In his downfall however, Elijah destroys the lives of hundreds, highlighting the necessity for Xavier’s donning of the Windigo-killer from Niska. By way of extension, Boyden speaks, via the juxtaposition of Xavier and Niska in comparison to Elijah, of the importance of the righteous, and their responsibility to eradicate evil before it is able to worsen despite the contesting pressures of one’s affiliates. Most importantly, the novel is Boyden’s plea to immerse children in the indigenous dimensions of their ethnicity and nationality in order to construct a strong sense of identity. An Aboriginal himself, Boyden describes Three Day Road as a cautionary tale (393) in which the human person is presented as a feeble, vulnerable entity which can only be sustained when its body, mind, and spirit are in communion with one another. The novel seeks to be food for thought, asking its audience how they would respond to excruciating circumstances such as war – whether they would be able to stay anchored enough to survive it, or experience the downwards spiral of the Windigo. In the course of our lives, will we journey along the road most travelled, losing ourselves to the entropic tides of conformity, or pave our own path in order to live an independent, fruitful existence?