Maxims and Masks The Epigram in The Importance of Being Earnest - Literature Essay Samples

Oscar Wilde frames The Importance of Being Earnest around the paradoxical epigram, a skewering metaphor for the plays central theme of division of truth and identity that hints at a homosexual subtext. Other targets of Wildes absurd yet grounded wit are the social conventions of his stuffy Victorian society, which are exposed as a shallow mask of manners (1655). Aided by clever wordplay, frantic misunderstanding, and dissonance of knowledge between the characters and the audience, devices that are now staples of contemporary theater and situation comedy, Earnest suggests that, especially in civilized society, we all lead double lives that force upon us a variety of postures, an idea with which the closeted (until his public charge for sodomy) homosexual Wilde was understandably obsessed.The plays initial thrust is in its exploration of bisexual identities. Algernons and Jacks Bunburys initially function as separate geographic personas for the city and country, simple escapes from nagging social obligations. However, the homoerotic connotations of the punning name (even the double bus, which serve mostly an alliterative purpose, insinuate a union of similarities, and Bunbury rhymes with buggery, British slang for sodomy) flare up when paired with Algernons repeated assaults on marriage:ALGERNON. She will place me next to Mary Farquhar, who always flirts with her own husband across the dinner table. That is not very pleasant. Indeed, it is not even decent and that sort of thing is enormously on the increase. The amount of women in London who flirt with their own husbands is perfectly scandalous. It looks so bad. It is simply washing ones clean linen in public (1633).The mixed truth of a Wilde epigram stating the normal in a ludicrous fashion, as with Algernons aghast reaction to marital flirtation, and often capped by tweaking an established clichà ©, as with washing ones clean linen is not only humorous, but salient; his distaste for public display s of clean heterosexual affection implies his deep-seated resentment that his linen is considered dirty and must be washed in private.Though both men are Bunburyists, Wilde holds and heightens dramatic tension through Jacks denial of the fact. The characters are given to hyperbolic conviction in their brief speeches, a fast-paced technique that magnifies the plays distant relationship to vaudevillian humor and reveals another duality within homosexuality; Algernon is perfectly happy to be gay, while Jack is repellent to the idea, perhaps even to the point of self-loathing. Algernon puns on the idiom to part with, showing his reluctance to remove himself from both the world and the physically splitting position of homosexuality: Nothing will induce me to part with Bunbury, and if you ever get married, which seems to me extremely problematic, you will be very glad to know Bunbury. A man who marries without knowing Bunbury has a very tedious time of it (1634). Jack claims he is goi ng to kill [his] brother, conflating his sexual duality as all he will kill is a part of himself: That is nonsense. If I marry a charming girl like Gwendolen, and she is the only girl I ever saw in my life that I would marry, I certainly wont want to know Bunbury (1634). His confidence in Gwendolen as his only soul mate is an ordinary declaration of love in most plays; here, it intimates a fundamentally homosexual man who has converted to heterosexuality on this sole occasion.Wilde extends the duality of homosexuality to the female population, as Algernon points out Gwendolens alternative to staid marriage: Then your wife will. You dont seem to realize, that in married life three is company and two is none (1634). Again, Wilde updates a preexisting aphorism (Twos company, threes a crowd) and applies it for his own subversive measures, simultaneously ridiculing two distinct cultural specimens, the clichà ©d love triangle of French drama and English marriage. The convergence of art and life in epigram is a pillar for Wilde that bases his observations in two lands, the aesthetic and the natural, and adds contemporaneity for his Victorian audience while maintaining universality for future performance. What must be a relatively universal puzzle for audience members is Algernons cultish language to Jack: Besides, now that I know you to be a confirmed Bunburyist, I naturally want to talk to you about Bunburying. I want to tell you the rules (1633). These rules, one can assume, are the unwritten codes of homosexuality, and since Algernon never gives the game away by explaining what they are, Wilde explodes another duality into the theater which members of the audience get it, and which are left in the dark. While Algernon and Jack codify Bunburying in defiance against the unassuming audience, Wilde deploys another character/audience duality: the comically dissonant effect of accenting the female characters ignorance of a situation against the audiences know ledge of the truth.The meeting of Gwendolen and Cecily is a prime example of such farcical confusion, out of which Wilde mines material for the mercurial nature of female emotion. Gwendolens opening lines foreshadow their problematic relationship, one born of disinformation of appellation and appearance, that plays against the audiences superior position: Cecily Cardew? What a very sweet name! Something tells me that we are going to be great friends. I like you already more than I can say. My first impressions of people are never wrong (1653). Her blindness to the circumstances is made physical through the use of a punning prop: Cecily, mamma, whose views on education are remarkably strict, has brought me up to be extremely short-sighted; it is part of her system; so do you mind my looking at you through my glasses? (1653) Her weak grasp of the situation sets up more laughs, especially when she banishes any doubts of foul play: Ernest has a strong upright nature. He is the ve ry soul of truth and honor. Disloyalty would be as impossible to him as deception (1654). Though deception is the more flagrant offense, the word disloyalty recalls his promiscuous Bunburying and brings us back to the binarism of sexuality.Once the women are officially at odds, Wilde is able to critique the Victorian politesse that often shadows ill will. In the absence of witnesses, a no-holds-barred fight progresses: CECILY. This is no time for wearing the shallow mask of manners. When I see a spade I call it a spade. GWENDOLEN. [satirically] I am glad to say that I have never seen a spade. It is obvious that our social spheres have been widely different (1655). In class-conscious England this is a devastating insult and, interestingly, it is the presence of the servants [that] exercises a restraining influence, under which both girls chafe, as Wilde points out in the stage directions (1655). The juxtaposition of high and low classes farcically enacts a duality of social manners in which the women behave with a contempt for each other as saccharine as their snacks:CECILY. May I offer you some tea, Miss Fairfax?GWENDOLEN. [with elaborate politeness] Thank you. [aside] Detestable girl! But I require tea!CECILY. [sweetly] Sugar?GWENDOLEN. [superciliously] No, thank you. Sugar is not fashionable any more. [CECILY looks angrily at her, takes up the tongs and puts four lumps of sugar into the cup.] (1655)And so on, until Gwendolen can no longer contain herself and reverses her previous intuition, shifting their relationship into a binarism of empathy/hatred: From the moment I saw you I distrusted you. I felt you were false and deceitful. I am never deceived in such matters. My first impressions of people are invariably right (1656).Through stage direction, Wilde makes more visible and immediate the womens reversals of emotion. In conversation with Cecily, Gwendolen sits down and stands up four times as her misgivings rise and fall. Even more exagg erated are the womens reactions when confronting the men. After she calls out Ernest! My own Ernest! Gwendolen withdraws; once Jack denies his engagement to Cecily, she offers her cheek for a kiss. Six lines later, Cecily tells her Ernests real name is Jack, and Gwendolen recedes yet again. Cecily goes through the same exact motions retreat, kiss, retreat with the same skeletal dialogue construction of Thank you. You may in response to a kiss, and |I knew there must be some misunderstanding, Miss Fairfax/I felt there was some slight error, Miss Cardew.| The gentleman |whose arm is at present round your waist/who is now embracing you| is my |dear guardian, Mr. John Worthing/cousin, Mr. Algernon Moncrieff| (1656). Both women respond to this disclosure with the exposed name followed by Oh! They ask the men about this in similar fashions, and both admit their deception. Wilde has merged, through word and action, the two women into a single unit and the men into another, and t he vacillation of sympathy now comes to fruition as the women bond at the expense of the men:CECILY. [to GWENDOLEN] A gross deception has been practiced on both of us.GWENDOLEN. My poor wounded Cecily!CECILY. My sweet wronged Gwendolen!GWENDOLEN. [slowly and seriously] You will call me sister, will you not? [They embrace. JACK and ALGERNON groan and walk up and down.]Their newfound sisterhood stands in ironic contrast to the falsified brotherhood of Algernon and Jack (which is, in the plays final irony, real), and the simultaneous groan and physical movement of the unified yet distraught men amplify the heightened pace and new friendship duality of the preceding interaction.As Jack concludes after the plays denouement, which again inverts the character/audience duality by revealing all first impressions as truthful when we always knew them to be false, it is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life he has been speaking nothing but the truth (1667). It se ems that facing ones true self is the most frightening occupation in Wildes world. Wilde lightly mocks the flagrant social posturing of Victorian women, a world with which he was inextricably associated but from which he could just as easily distance himself via a pithy saying, but he treats the tension of homosexuality, his own mask, more seriously. Jack is never ready to admit his entrance into the Bunbury underworld, and we never learn from Algernon the necessary rules of conduct. The personification of homosexuality as a characters double is not surprising some critics argue that Dr. Jekyls evil counterpart, Mr. Hyde, has some homosexual leanings as such a controversial and, perhaps, embarrassing topic can be more easily disguised and obscured in the murky depths of the doppelganger tale. Today, with scientific evidence backing an opinion that places individuals sexual preferences on a sliding scale from full heterosexuality to full homosexuality, the simple bifurcated vie w of sexuality in literature may soon be obsolete.

Multiple Personalities in Sybil Essay - 879 Words

Multiple Personalities in Sybil Do you ever feel as though you are acting as a different person in different situations? Do you ever feel as though acting fake? You are definitely not alone in your thoughts and feelings, but do note that there is always something or someone more extreme than you are. One such person is the character of Sybil Dorsett, in Flora Rheta Schreibers novel, Sybil. The novel, Sybil, takes a look at multiple personalities within a person. It is based on the research of Dr. Cornelia Wilbur. Dr. Wilbur was a psychoanalyst who had been treating Sybil for about three months. One day, Sybil, who was a schoolteacher, burst into the room in a hysterical speech. Her fists were clinched with rage as she†¦show more content†¦Wilbur began to learn more and more about each different personality. She figured that this was the only answer or way to treat Sybil. She was going to have to treat each of Sybils separate selves. The way that she was going to have to eventually treat Sybil t hough was by going into the past and bringing up some of the repressed memories that Sybil had from childhood. She would then have to make Sybil bring together all of the different selves and come to terms with the past and the reality of the present and future. Some of the more flamboyant personalities were Sybil, of course, who was generally shy and withdrawn, Peggy, who was quite aggressive, Vicky, who is quite sophisticated, Mary, who was quite obese, but yet motherly, Vanessa, who had the aura of an actress, baby-Ruthie, who was very childlike, and two energetic, high-spirited young males, Mike and Sid. The treatment of these different selves was going to be an enormous task any way that Dr. Wilbur looked at it. Another odd that was stacked against her was that Sybil was in the guise of the other personalities at least one-third of her life and had no recollection of ever doing any of the things that she did while she was another self. However, there was an interesting twi st to that. The other selves were very aware of Sybil and often spoke of her in sessions. They believed that she was another person and often told Dr. Wilbur that they were there (at session) in Sybils place forShow MoreRelatedSybil: Movie Analysis [Multiple Personality Disorder]1547 Words   |  7 PagesA. DSM IV CRITERIA DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative identity disorder. Presence of two or more identities or personalities that take control of the person’s behavior; loss of memory for important personal information. B. DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARACTER INFLICTED WITH THE PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER Sybil Dorsett, the character in the movie inflicted with the psychiatric disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), is a very simple woman who due to her love for paintingRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1081 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sybil Isabel Dorsett, a shy, twenty-two-year-old substitute teacher, became an interesting case, when the Sybil came into a mental health facility complaining of severe memory loss that resulted in unknown store bought items, â€Å"waking up,† in strange place, and severe social anxiety that again resulted in a loss of time, and memory, blackouts, and emotional breakdowns, in public places. What was first thought to be hysteria, turned into another problem, after experiencing some of the patientsRead More living multi personality disorder Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesMyers. Hope College Holland, Michigan. (2001) Living with Multi Personality Disorder nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After watching the movie â€Å"Sybil† a couple of times, I was able to grasp a better understanding of what a person who suffers from Multiple Personality Disorder goes through. In my Abnormal Psychology class we touched basis on what Multiple Personality Disorder is and what signs to look for, but â€Å"Sybil† gave me a vivid idea of how someone lives on a day to day basis with thisRead MoreThe Issues With Dissociate Identity Disorder967 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the issues with Dissociate Identity Disorder (DID), previously known as Multiple Personality disorder in comparison to the movie Sybil. This movie is based on a true story of a girl name Sybil and the horrors she faces as a child while developing into a young woman with multiple personalities. DID is a very controversial diagnosis and often not believed by many professionals in the mental health/psychiatry field. According to Vedat Sar s (2014) artic le â€Å"TheRead MorePsychiatric And Psychological Records Of Dissociative Identity Disorder1530 Words   |  7 Pagespsychological records of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID); previously called Multiple Personality Disorder. Dissociative Identity Disorder exists as a peculiar mental disorder in which a person possesses two or more evident and distinctive personalities. Through accounts like the movie Sybil, this disorder received much attention worldwide completely altering our previous ideas about Multiple Identity Disorder. The movie Sybil is based on a true story of a shy, college student, working as a substituteRead MoreReflection Of Sybil1496 Words   |  6 Pages Sybil is about a woman who receives treatment over the course of 10 years for her multiple personalities. Part one of the book starts with Sybil in her chemistry classroom, the crash of glass makes her head throb. It takes her back to broken glass in the drugstore, and the broken glass in the big dining room. Both times there had been an accusing voice: â€Å"You broke it.†(Sybil pg. 23). At this time Sybil was not sure why she would disappear, and come to in random parts of the city, or states. SheRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder and Abuse Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesThe condition once known as multiple personality disorder (MPD) is a very real psychological phenomenon that until recently was mis-understood and often mis-diagnosed. Dissociative identity disorder, DID, as we now call it, is a mental illness where a persons thoughts, feelings, and memories are scattered throughout two or more separate personalities within the victims mind (Appelbaum 107). In 1973 perhaps the worlds most famous psychiatric patient ever, Sybil brought attention to what wasRead MoreSybil Reaction Paper732 Words   |  3 PagesThe Multiple Personalities in Sybil The movie Sybil brought out several different emotions and reactions personally for me. The story line follows a young woman’s struggle with personality disorder; the cause and effects of her disease throughout her life, and the process of her repressed memories finally coming to the surface. Although I wouldn’t say that the disorders that Sybil and I have are comparable, the process that she went through in becoming aware of her disorders and the devastationRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of An Traumatic Stress Disorder971 Words   |  4 Pagesare multiple types of amnesias, I will be focusing on psychogenic amnesia. â€Å"Psychogenic amnesias are usually caused by some sort of emotional trauma. Emotional trauma is the common thread that runs through the amnesia associated with the following disorders: dissociative amnesia (the inability to recall significant personal information); fugue (memory loss accompanied by sudden, unexpected travel from home); dissociative identity disorder (the presence of two or more distinct personalities, withRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder : Sybil And Primal Fear1477 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology 210 7 October 2015 Dissociative Identity Disorder: Sybil and Primal Fear In the films â€Å"Sybil,† and â€Å"Primal Fear† both characters Sybil, and Aaron seem to be suffering from dissociative identity disorder. According to Comer (2014), someone with dissociative identity disorder, or also known as multiple personality disorder establishes two or more recognizable personalities, often called alternate or sub personalities. Each personality has their own particular set of behaviors, memories, emotions

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The Effects Of Restorative Justice On Juvenile Recidivism

Literature Review Current research available on the effects of restorative justice on juvenile recidivism range from meta-analyses of multiple studies to individual program studies. According to Bradshaw and Roseborough (2005), â€Å"The use of meta-analytic methods provides a useful means for summarizing diverse research findings across restorative justice studies and synthesizing these findings in an objective manner.† (p. 19). Four meta-analytic studies reveal an overall reduction in juvenile recidivism (Bradshaw and Roseborough 2005; Bradshaw, Roseborough, Umbreit, 2006; Latimer, Dowden, Muise, 2005; Wong, Bouchard, Gravel, Bouchard, Morselli, 2016). Bradshaw and Roseborough’s (2005) meta-analysis is comprised of data from 19†¦show more content†¦The results of this meta-analysis were similar to the others. Wong et al. (2016) reported a positive result in the overall effectiveness of restorative justice on juvenile recidivism. Data analysis revealed 12 out of the 21 studies had a statistically significant effect size of lowered recidivism of restorative justice participants compared to juveniles in the traditional justice system (Wong et al., 2016). Latimer, Dowden, and Muise (2005) showed comparable results of the effectiveness of restorative justice programs by conducting a meta-analysis. 22 studies were collected through a comprehensive literature search and experts were consulted to reveal any unpublished research pertitnant to the effects of the restorative justice program, VOM on juvenile recidivism (Latimer et al., 2005). The outcome measures for this study focused on recidivism, along with restitution compliance and victim and offender satisfaction (Latimer et al., 2005). Juveniles that participated in each study were assigned to either VOM groups or traditional justice comparison groups. The overall results of the meta-analysis showed a positive effect size of .07 on juvenile recidivism (Latimer et al., 2005). Another meta-analysis that focused on victim-offender mediation was by performed by Bradshaw and Roseborough, along with Umbreit (2006). This meta-analysis consisted of 15 studies with 9,172 juvenile offenders, from 21Show MoreRelatedEyewitness Testimony On The Criminal Justice System3236 Words   |  13 Pages Psychological research shows that eyewitness testimony is not always accurate; therefore it should not be used in the criminal justice system. Discuss. Word Count: 2,589 There has been considerable interest and study in the accuracy or inaccuracy of the use of eyewitness testimonies in the current criminal justice system. Results collated by several studies add to the bulk of literature suggesting that the current usage of eyewitness testimony by the legal system is far fromRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Juvenile Delinquency1675 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Justice has been a work in progress from the beginning of the program because of the evolving mentality of the generations. The purpose of Juvenile Justice was to correct the behavior of the juvenile delinquents and rehabilitation through a probationary period monitored by an individual who paid for bail and periodically reported behavior changes to courts. (Mulligan 2009) We do justice to the youth offenders by understanding the history of Juvenile Justice restorative programs, the alternativesRead MoreTeens And The Contrivenation Program In The Juvenile Justice System1138 Words   |  5 Pa gesmany restorative aspects to it. Diversion programs for juveniles should be separate from juveniles who need support to fix a drug addiction problem. Both the community based programs and the diversion programs would be better alternatives for juveniles who have the possibility of being waived to adult court. Community based programs help teach the juvenile the harm they have caused to other people, and diversion incorporates the idea of the community’s coming together to help the juvenile as wellRead MoreJuvenile Justice Systems833 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Juvenile crime is a term around the world that is difficult to pinpoint and although there are several definitions many fail to be concrete. There are many factors that play into sentencing juveniles or minors upon a crime committed. How old are they? Can they mentally form criminal intent? Are they old enough to no longer be treated as children? Some people would argue that a criminal is just that, regardless of age. Research on the other hand shows that juveniles have underdevelopedRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Juvenile Justice Perspective Essay2200 Words   |  9 PagesRestorative Justice: The Juvenile Justice Perspective Introduction The United Nations has said that human rights and juvenile justice should not counteract one another, and restorative justice is the best way to deal with children who behave outside of the law in a way that respects their rights as well as promotes societal justice (Odala, 2012). Restorative justice (RJ) involves many different concepts, but the primary goal is to restore the harm caused by the crime. RJ participants are not limitedRead MoreCrime Is Despicable And That Criminals Are Dangerous People1280 Words   |  6 Pagesabhorrent and that criminals are dangerous people, neglecting to explain why people commit crimes. Those same children may have learned that the criminal justice system -- comprised of law enforcement, the court system, and so on -- were impartial solutions to keep citizens safe and law-abiding. But the truth is, crime isn’t so simple and the criminal justice system may not be as grandiose and good as we were taught. In the final decades of the twentieth century, there was a surge in prison inmate numbersRead MoreRecidivism : Target The Criminogenic Needs Of The Offenders1021 Words   |  5 Pagesresearchers had conducted and gaining a statistical analysis of the researches, a meta-analysis is often one of the best tools to ensure a positive impact on recidivism â€Å"meta-analysis is the principal source of information for effective principles† (Gendreau, 1996, p. 120). Often times these intervention programs are intensive and behavioral based, which are vital to the program. Behavioral Programs, should target the criminogenic needs of the offender, which has better results when it is pairedRead MoreThe Prison Industrial Complex And The United States Essay2129 Words   |  9 Pagespopulation grows and recidivism rates increase we are not only seeing our prison system fail, but we are seeing a new and emerging industry take hold in this country. Increasing prison populations and the numb er of re-offenders is showing a relatively obvious failure of the current system. In my time as a criminal justice major I have taken a variety of classes on criminal justice, one of the most interesting for me (aside from this class) was restorative justice. In my restorative justice class I wasRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Justice System1993 Words   |  8 Pages Restorative Justice in the Criminal Justice System Nathan Tabita Columbia College Abstract Throughout this paper, various articles will be discussed in further detail on the issue of restorative justice within the criminal justice system in the United States. Both benefits and disadvantages of restorative justice will be analyzed, in order to have a greater understanding of the alternative justice program, and to remove any preconceived ideas unsubstantiated by facts. FocusRead MoreLiterature Review Retributive Justice: The Case of Justin Wolfe1838 Words   |  7 Pagesdeath penalty and the underlying cause of a crime. There is no single model of justice that can adequately handle the complexities of the Commonwealth v. Wolfe, where there exists no imbalance of power between criminal justice officials, victims and offenders and imprisonment provides offenders with skills likely to reduce recidivism. Literature Review Retributive Justice Moore (1993) indicates that retributive justice is based on just deserts. Society punishes offenders because offenders deserve

Business Plan- Secuirty Business Essay - 1698 Words

1. Executive Summary 1.0 Business Concept Northern Sierra Security is the place to go in the greater Sacramento/ Capital area where the well known, rich and petrified can go to get a friendly yet terrifying faces to help secure them. This company is an upscale security company for the neurotic who might be in need of some securing. Our goal is to create an atmosphere that is a safe and sound environment for you, your family, your residence and or place of work. We will provide state of the art private residential, building or personal security, with up to date security devices as well as being able to grant you with uniformed and plain clothes officers. Call On Us To Be Safe. 1.1 Current Situation We offer mid to high level†¦show more content†¦It consist of guarding many upscale neighborhoods, resort style hotels, high end buildings/ companies, private parties, people who feel they need some protection, as well as known celebrities homes and families. 3.1 Nature of the Industry Most of the private security companies of Sacramento offer comparable protection needs. Several companies have more than one type of service that they provide, offering different types of security on each level that is needed. Many guards work or have worked for jails, prisons, police and armed forces. 3.2 Primary Competitors and their Services Due to the fact that our business is located in the industrial area of Roseville, our main competitors will primary consists of those to be found within the region. Private Security of Northern California Verified Alarm Response Team serves the counties of El Dorado, San Joaquin and Yolo with the promise to match any licensed competitors for the same services. They offer Alarm response, patrol, security officers that are armed or unarmed and off duty police officers. AmeriGaurd Security Inc. has been serving California for over 22 years. They will provide security for commercial and industrial sites as well as residential and they main area of focus for business is in the bay area to the central valley of Sacramento. They promise to secure what isShow MoreRelatedName Your Price: Compensation Negotiation at Whole Health946 Words   |  4 PagesNegotiation at Whole Health This case study is about a student Monroe davies who is in his second year at Harvard Business school and Jim Hummer who is the CEO of a company named Whole Health Management. Jim has met Monroe before and knows that Monore is interested in entering the whole health management. Jim has asked Monroe to design a compensation package for himself as Director Business Operations because Jim wanted to assess how Monroe reacts when faced by unexpected challenges. Jim has sent aRead MoreName Your Price: Compensation Negotiation at Whole Health940 Words   |  4 PagesNegotiation at Whole Health This case study is about a student Monroe davies who is in his second year at Harvard Business school and Jim Hummer who is the CEO of a company named Whole Health Management. Jim has met Monroe before and knows that Monore is interested in entering the whole health management. Jim has asked Monroe to design a compensation package for himself as Director Business Operations because Jim wanted to assess how Monroe reacts when faced by unexpected challenges. Jim has sent a templateRead MoreWhy We Need The TSA Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesrounds chambered. (Transportation Security Administration, 2014) These are dangers items that we don’t know the intent of the passengers. 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Discuss the relationship between literary and film versions of a particular ‘romance’ text Free Essays

When a reader reads a novel and then watches a movie based on the book, they take in two very different perspectives. The use of camera techniques within the movie creates the story from the director’s or script writers perspective, leaving the viewer only with one interpretation of the novel whereas when a reader reads the novel, he or she takes in a personal insight to the book and creates their own version to the narrative process. Wuthering Heights, written by Emily Bronte in the mid 19th century is a gothic novel which presents the love of Cathy Earnshaw and Heathcliff as a very innocent relationship whereby many people will see it as been a ‘teenage crush’. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the relationship between literary and film versions of a particular ‘romance’ text or any similar topic only for you Order Now The novel is structured around two key points (purposes): the strong male ‘hero’, and the romance between the hero and heroine (Cranny-Francis). Wuthering Heights is in many ways a romance novel (even though many critics choose not to agree). The term ‘romance’ according to the Oxford English Dictionary the term is defined as: A prevailing sense of wonder or mystery surrounding the mutual attraction in a love affair. Cathy and Heathcliff’s romance for one another is outside social due to economic circumstances therefore they do not marry even though their love for one another remains strong until the end of the novel (Cranny-Francis). The many movie versions made of Wuthering Heights have gotten a grasp on the main shared themes in the story yet however the differences between the two mediums is vital to the narrative structure. Heathcliff’s character been vital to the storyline (as he is the novels key point of focus) is very important when making the movie versions of Wuthering Heights as he brings out the audiences response (Haire-Sargeant). Previously, film versions of Wuthering Heights have in fact attempted to explain the character of Heathcliff in a way the audience can connect with this character and achieve their expectations. Directors have been doing this change by altering parts of the story so that Heathcliff’s character is not as evil as Bronte’s character in the novel is; or by leading the audience or the reader as Bronte does to take in Heathcliff’s good and wicked personality within his perspective. When Bronte wrote the novel, of course it had to have been linguistic. Movies however, cannot give the viewer every last detail that is in the novel and therefore have to adapt the book into a screenplay in order all the audience can understand its concept. Therefore changes and problems are created. The question which arises from every book turned into a movie becomes ‘does the movie mirror or replicate the context of the novel’ which in so many words is not possible. To get every last detail of a four hundred page novel down in the short space of two/ or three hours will confuse the viewer as movies unlike novels do not ask for an audiences creativity to form the story it is already done and bought to life on screen. The question at hand therefore should be ‘how does the movie engage audiences/ viewers attention? Does it succeed in its own way? (Haire-Sargeant) This analysis of Wuthering Heights will be explored in William Wyler’s 1939 version and also in Peter Kosminsky’s 1992 version of the book. From the beginning of the novel Heathcliff is bought into the story as diclassi. He is bought home by Mr Earnshaw and is just explained to be ‘from the streets – a gipsy’. His background remains anonymous to the reader throughout the book as well as the movies (Cranny-Francis). In the novel, Nelly Dean tells Lockwood the narrative from her personal insight to the family having been with them for three generations. However, in Wylers movie the story is presented by first generation of Earnshaw and Linton. In the book, Bronte makes Heathcliff’s character appear to be tall, dark, passionate, violent and uncivilised. Yet however, in Wyler’s version of Wuthering Heights he has cast Lawrence Olivier to play the character of Heathcliff. He is characterised differently in this movie in comparison to the novel. Wyler and Olivier present Heathcliffs emotions and the cruelty he has had to bear from Hindley a great deal. This 1939 version of Wuthering Heights is what Haire-Sargeant describes as been ‘holographic’. The movies framing brings the movie together to form together a masterpiece work. Wyler controls a black and white of delicately shaded tonality; the powerfully expressed emotional and spiritual touch. The story through the use of extreme emphasis on visuals presents open space in comparison to the settings described by Bronte in the novel. (Haire-Sargeant p. p. 170-173). Wyler’s movie has bought forth to the audience attention the connection between Heathcliff and Cathy and the emptiness of the world for both of them when not together (Hair-Sargeant). Peter Kosminskys 1992 version titled Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights did not achieve the audience response that the 1939 one received merely due to the fact of poor casting. French actress Juliette Binoche played both the characters of first generation and second generation Catherine. The controversy surrounding this poor casting was simply the fact that Catherine in Bronte’s novel was from an English background. To cast a French to play the role of an English girl was part of the reason of why the movie did not seem to do well. Another interesting casting in this movie was the actor who took on the role of Heathcliff: Ralph Fiennes. Although he did not look in the part with his refined features, he quite differently to Olivier’s performance of Heathcliff in the 1939 version presented a quiet, smiling torturer at play. This is a major personality characteristic of Bronte’s Heathcliff in the novel. The cruel personality of Heathcliff in this movie version cannot be understood to be an act of anger or personality as the Heathcliff played by Olivier presents. Different to the 1939 Wuthering Heights and the book by Bronte, in this version it is not Heathcliff who holds the narrative process together but rather it is Catherine. The story in this version gave the character of Catherine more maturity and power as opposed to in the book where Bronte seemed to present an immature ‘school-girl’ type of girl in the first generation Cathy’s personality. Yet the most important factor to consider is the fact that Binoche took on the role of both mother and daughter each been delivered differently and fitting in together with the story. Unlike the book where Bronte focuses a great deal of volume one on the first generations childhood, the book just touches on it and skims past them really quickly leaving the audience to fill in the gaps. For example Nelly Dean’s character in this movie only has a small role and does not state exactly who she is to the audience whereas in the book more then half of it is her narrative of the events circulating between the Earnshaws, Lintons and Heathcliff. Another example is the character of Hindley who is important to the novel. He fades off the screen as well as his wife, Frances, before the viewers’ notice what happened to them. Kosminskys main interest in this movie was to show the viewer the great love story between Cathy and Heathcliff. Yet he gave the audience little time to grasp the storyline as he wanted us to focus primarily on the main ‘stars’ without drifting the audiences mind towards other matters. Unlike Wyler’s version however, like the book the 1992 version presented both the second generation as well as Lockwood. The end of the movie showed second generation Cathy and Hareton riding together a happy couple getting married soon. This romance developed gradually over a period of time in the novel whereas in the movie it is one of the final shots. This refers back to the point made earlier about Kosminsky’s skimming over the lives of the characters in the story not letting the audience take in what is happening. Hareton’s character in this movie version did not have an important role nor did he make much appearance whilst he was a central character in the novel. The key strength of the movie however, is the use of only key subject matters in relation to the story to make it fit perfectly into the duration time of two hours (Haire-Sargeant). The use of settings, tone and music all contribute to the construction of the film. When a reader reads the novel they create their own interpretation and felt emotions in regards to what is happening in the texts, but however with movies comes the fact that we are witnessing all one set perspective of the story. Music and scenery are a major aspect of witnessing something before us especially on screen. It reminds the viewer of how they see what is real and what is not real, therefore forming and revealing the storyline. The use of screenplay and Hollywood touches adds more drama to the actual story, making the love story appear to be more realistic for viewers and more ‘romantic’ in relation to the novel where it is interpreted according to the readers’ imagination. The book allows readers to go beyond the linguistic and explore deeply into the plot, whereas the movie is set images on screen and it is up to the viewers to accept or reject the shared ideas or themes introduced by the screen play writer and the actors acting out the novels characters. Wuthering Heights the novel is a well structured novel, which explores everyone and every event in sufficient detail for the reader to comprehend the story. It gives the reader the impression that they are part of the dramas of the characters lives and the reader has a connection with each storyline. The movie because it is so fast paced and shorter then the novel, the viewer can not make that special connection which keeps them enticed as they are not using their imagination but rather their sight sense. In conclusion, going back to the question bought up earlier in regards to whether the two movie versions made of Wuthering Heights have brought to life the novels’ key strengths, the novel and the movie both are unique and interesting in their own set ways. Whilst the novel has been interpreted to be a Gothic novel with a metaphorical aspect of romance in it by many critics over the past centuries, the movie versions of this is novel is far from been described and categorised as been Gothic. It is a highly dramatic piece of work with a totally different presentation of the characters which Bronte firstly introduced in her 1800s novel. The novels plot thickens mainly around Cathy and Heathcliff and for a director to put this into action a lot of things need to be toned down as of the fact the story was written two centuries ago and the audience who view it in today’s society will vary in ages therefore it needed to be played down so the viewer can take in more of the story and the characters and walk away with the basic concept of what the book is about. The use of sadism in Heathcliff’s character is played down on in the movie versions of the novel, and although both the Heathcliff’s played out by Fiennes and Olivier are differently presented they both sum up the main plot of the un-dying love between Catherine and Heathcliff that Bronte sought to present in her book but however, each director displays this theme accordingly to his own personal interpretations of the story. How to cite Discuss the relationship between literary and film versions of a particular ‘romance’ text, Papers

Peter The Greats Westernization Of Russia Essay Example For Students

Peter The Greats Westernization Of Russia Essay Peter the Greats Westernization of RussiaPeterthe Greats Westernization of RussiaIn 1689, Tsar Peter I forced his way intopower in Russia. Better known as Peter the Great, he overthrew hishalf-sisters regime and took control of the state. At this time,Russia was dealing with rapid expansion, yet it was still a very backwardscountry compared to the rest of Europe. Russia was also dealing witheconomic woes. Peter loathed this backward condition and deviseda plan. Within ten years of gaining power, he began to travel throughwestern Europe in search of skilled workers. On his tour of westernEurope, Peter met kings, scientists, craft workers and ship builders. He even worked undercover in a Netherlands shipyard in hopes of learningbetter methods of crafting vessels. Eighteen months later Peter returnedto Russia and began to use this new wealth of knowledge to westernizehis nation. His idea of westernization was the modernization of Russia. He wanted to turn Russia to the west. Peter the Great adopted many of the ideasused by Ivan the Terrible in the fifteenth century. He ruled as atyrant and held himself above the law. Peter alarmed the nobilityand churchmen with his new objective. He snipped off the beards ofthe Boyars, land-owning men of influence and wealth, and ended their swayin government. Peter was determined to civilize nobility and evencomposed a book of manners. This book forbid such actions as spittingon floors and eating without utensils. He also promoted courtly discussionsbetween men and women. Eventually he ended up increasing their powerover the serfs, the countryside peasants. Next, Peter fortified Russiasarmy and navy to ensure a strong military, established a modern iron industryto promote production, and expanded and added additional roads and canalsfor the purpose of stimulating trade. Farming and manufacturing werealso encouraged by the tsar. Unfortunately for the serfs they werenot only burdened with the task of mandatory labor for t he state, but theywere left to deal with steep taxes as well. For them,a less than bountiful harvest often meant starvation. In the implementation of his new ideas,Tsar Peter had twelve hundred of the streltsy, the elite army corps whoopposed westernization, executed and hung in public. He lefttheir decomposing bodies on display in front of the Kremlin for monthsto dissuade challenges to his authority. He even tortured his ownson when he voiced opposition to Peters wave of change. These mercilessactions stunned everyone and proved his determination and power. Peter also appointed a personal agentto regulate the affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church. This ledto the church becoming a virtual extension of the state. In1709, Peter defeated Swedish forces at the battle of Poltava and gainedland on the Gulf of Finland. He then moved the capital of Russiato the newly constructed port city of St. Petersburg. It is herethat Peter flaunted his countrys rising wealth and created Peterhof, anelaborate palace emulating Louis XIVs Versailles. St. Petersburgwas built by serfs and ensured Russias access to the west. Peter the Great died in 1725. Onemajor thing he left out of his idea of westernization appears to be theexploration and colonization of far off lands. He was more focusedon strengthening Russia from within. While England, France, Spainand Portugal were heavily involved in exploration, Peter was working diligentlyto bring his nation to the same level as his western neighbors. Hecarried Russia a long way from Ivan the Terribles time of troubles. .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e , .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e .postImageUrl , .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e , .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e:hover , .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e:visited , .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e:active { border:0!important; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e:active , .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1cbec1cd3223bf9feb4080cf8df9795e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Censorship Of The Net EssayHis country was now much more powerful in terms of its military, its economyand its status in Europe. Peter had paved the road to a more powerfulpositon in the world economy. The reign of Peter the Great was not oneof grand humanity but it led his country into the future. His hardwork and stringency created a nation of power and influence out of thebackwards and laggard realm that he had acquired. He was astern man, often overly barbaric, but he achieved many of his westernizationobjectives. Without his rule, Russia may not have become the powerfulnation that it needed to be in order to survive in theearly-modern era.